Introduction: The dual epidemic of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) is a growing public health challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Uganda inclusive. Due to the immunologic dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitus, the odds of latent TB infection (LTBI) are increased in DM. This growth in DM burden is therefore projected to result in increase in TB burden and slow progress towards ending TB as a public health threat. Despite this observation, studies investigating the burden, immunologic profile, and factors associated with LTBI in the adult population with DM in Uganda are lacking. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence, immunological profile, and factors associated with LTBI, among adults with diabetes mellitus attending the outpatient diabetes clinic at Kiruddu National Referral Hospital (KNRH). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out at the outpatient diabetes clinic of KNRH. A total of 185 study participants were recruited by systematic random sampling. Relevant sociodemographic and clinical data was collected using a pre-tested case report form. All study participants underwent comprehensive clinical, laboratory, and radiological work up for DM, LTBI, active TB status, and immunological profiling. LTBI was defined as a positive QuantiFERON Gold in Tube Plus Test (QFT) result. The socio-demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of participants with and without LTBI were compared and the differences in these characteristics were analysed using the Chi-square test for categorical data and the Mann Whitney-U test for continuous data. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with LTBI. Results: We screened 186 study participants, of whom one was diagnosed with active TB and excluded. The median age was 50 (IQR = 42, 59) years, median HbA1c was 8.4% (IQR = 7.1%, 9.9%) and median duration since DM diagnosis was nine months (IQR = 5, 20 months). More than three quarters of study participants were female: 78.4% (145) were female; 30.8% (57) were aged 41 – 50 years, 33.5% (62) had been diagnosed with DM in less than six months, 87.6% (162) were on metformin therapy; 77.3% (143) had poor glycemic control with glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels greater than or equal to 7.0%, 5.4% (10) had Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 41.1% (76) were obese (BMI ≥ 30kg/m2), 34.1% (63) had kidney dysfunction. Prevalence of LTBI was 57.8% (107/185). LTBI prevalence was higher among males than among females (65% vs 55.9%) without statistical significance. Compared to individuals aged less than 30 years old, individuals aged 51 – 60 years had higher odds of LTBI (OR = 8.10, p = 0.01, 95% CI = 1.59 – 41.21). Individuals with LTBI had lower CD8 counts (p = 0.02), lower white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01 respectively). Median absolute neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and CD4 to CD8 ratios were similar between those with and without LTBI, while 11.9% (22), 6.0% (11) and 14.6% (27) of all participants had inverted CD4 to CD8 ratio, elevated NLR and elevated MLR. Conclusions and recommendations: LTBI is prevalent among adults with DM. Older individuals aged 51 – 60 years carry higher odds and should be prioritized for preventive therapy. LTBI in DM is associated with an immune suppression phenotype of lower absolute WBC and CD8 counts. We recommend further studies to describe temporal relationships between LTBI and immunological dysfunction (such as TB-specific interleukin-17 and tumor necrosis factor secretion by CD4 cells and monocytes) in DM.

Introduction: This study was part of studies aimed at assess risk factors associated with low birth weight among teenage mothers at Buwambo Health Centre IV with the purpose to generate possible interventions to reduce on Low birth weight. This study aimed at establishing the knowledge, attitude and practices associated with low birth weight among teenage mothers at Buwambo Health Centre IV Methodology: This study used a descriptive cross-sectional study design and employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches of data collection. This was a cross sectional study design that used quantitative methodology on a sample of 30 teen mothers who delivered low birth weight babies who were purposively selected to participate in the study. A questionnaire was designed. Data was analysed manually and presented using percentages, figures and tables. Results: The findings of this study revealed that, (93%) were females, (60%) were in the age bracket of 16 years – 19 year, (53%) attained the primary level of education, (87%) were not married, and (77%) were unemployed. The study demonstrated prevalence of low birth weight babies was 100% among women attending at Buwambo Health Centre IV ; maternal morbidity factors: maternal illness during pregnancy (97%); maternal nutritional factors: pregnant mothers having less than 2 meals a day (63%) and lack of folic acid supplement during pregnancy (67%). Conclusion: This study was conducted at the OPD clinic of Buwambo Health Centre IV and the findings of this study revealed prevalence of low birth weight babies was 100% among women attending at Buwambo Health Centre IV (100%); maternal morbidity factors: maternal illness during pregnancy; maternal nutritional factors: pregnant mothers having less than 2 meals a day and lack of folic acid supplement during pregnancy.

The study was to establish the effects of advertising on sales volume of MTN Uganda Kampala district. It was guided by a number of objectives which were; to establish the effects of advertising on the sales of MTN Uganda, Kampala district; to determine other factors affecting sales volume of MTN Uganda, Kampala district, to determine ways of improving sales and to establish the relationship between advertising and sales volume. The data was collected from primary and secondary sources. The researcher used questionnaires and interviews as research instruments. Close ended questionnaires were also used to obtain data from a sample random sampling. The respondents comprised of employees from MTN Uganda, Kampala district, the data was analyzed using percentiles as a statistical method and information presented in form of table. The findings of the study shows that, there are a number of positive effects on sales such as; influencing customer attitudes, creative awareness, persuades potential and existing customer, support purchase decisions, and creates brand loyalty and helps in new product launch. Also sales volume was affected by other factors such as; quality of the product or service, size of the market, income of the consumer, situational factors, product perceptions and personalities and market segmentation among others. From the findings sales can be improved by, targeting specific market niches, promoting your own USP, collecting contact information, removing the obstacle of risk, diversity, setting up a sales incentive programme, tier of customers and reward of customers. The research concluded that advertising and sales volume are a close knit and rely entirely on one another hence a close relationship, and if advertising is done effectively and efficiently can help to improve sales volume. Based on research findings, the following recommendations were made; the company should maintain advertising as a marketing strategy and should try to be innovative and creative in it's advertisements, targeting specific market niches is also important for the company to increase sales, the company should also aim as quality product/service deliverance. The company should set up a sales incentive programme to help it's sales staff to up sell an should collect contact information about customers, tier its customers reward outstanding consumers and the company should plan well for its marketing activities as establishing a communications budget, deciding on which activities to be carried out, and other marketing strategies to use other than advertising.

Introduction: Malaria is a parasitic infection caused by the 4 species of Plasmodium that infect humans: vivax, ovale, malariae, and falciparum. Of these, Plasmodium falciparum is the deadliest. The infection is transmitted by the female anopheles mosquito. Main purpose: To determine prevalence of malaria among pregnant mothers attending antenatal care at Nsangi health Centre III. Methodology: The research used a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design because it attempts to describe, explain and interpret current factors contributing to prevalence of malaria among pregnant mothers attending antenatal at Nsangi H/III located in Wakiso district. The study was carried out at Nsangi H/CIII located in Wakiso District and the surrounding areas. The study was carried out among pregnant mothers aged between 18-45 years attending Nsangi H/C III Wakiso district. Results: The ages were reported in years which are grouped into three categories of; (18-25), (26-35) years and (36 - 45) years. most of the respondents 40 (50.0%) were between 18 to 25 years. majority 55(68.7 %) of the mothers reported yes that there is malaria infection among pregnant mothers. Most of 30 (37.5 %) of the mothers had low INTs coverage and least of 8(10%) of pregnant mothers had Lack of reminder about INTs. Conclusion: The prevalence of malaria among pregnant women in Nsangi Health Centre III was high with 50 (62.5%). Most of the pregnant women were affected with malaria during the 3rd trimester. The prevalence of malaria was high in third trimester with 48 (57.5%) and lowest prevalence of malaria was observed in first trimester with 15 (18.7%). Majority 50 (62.5%) of the pregnant mothers reported malaria positive Recommendation: improving housing conditions, pregnant women should be encouraged to take fansidar for IPT. The DHO should place more effort to increase ownership and use of mosquito nets in Nsangi Health Centre III.

A research made by a post graduate university student to determine the factors affecting the performance of business studies in high schools in Kenya.

Introduction: safe male circumcision (SMC) remains a key intervention in reduction of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), Human Immune Virus (HIV) as well as reduction in penile cancer and cervical cancer among females of circumcised males. However, despite its intended benefits, uptake of the surgical procedure remains too low (10.8%) among males aged 30-45 years worldwide and worse still in Uganda. The study specifically sought to establish individual, socio-cultural and health facility factors affecting uptake of SMC as an HIV prevention strategy among male clients (30-45 years) attending Kasonga Health Centre III, Kikuube District. Methods: The study adopted a descriptive, cross-sectional design and employed a quantitative method of data collection among 30 conveniently sampled male clients aged 30-45 years who voluntarily consented to participate and filled the study questionnaire. Raw data was collected, analyzed and findings presented in tables and figures with corresponding statistical texts. Results: Individual factors like fears of erectile dysfunction and loss of libido (66.7%) were found to affect uptake of safe male circumcision among male clients aged 30-45 years. In absence of any socio-cultural factor, while in the health facility, preference of male surgeons to perform SMC (63.3%), not being provided with adequate information (70%), negative attitude of the SMC surgeons (80%), not being satisfied with overcrowding and lack of privacy in the SMC clinic (83.3%), not being provided with adequate drugs to facilitate wound healing (60%) and waiting more than 2 hours (46.7%) affected uptake of SMC among male clients. The study recommended that Health workers in the Hospital need to organize behavior change communication campaigns among males clients to improve uptake of safe male circumcision. This can be done through community based approaches such as schools, churches and markets.

This study examined corporate governance practices and their effect on performance of KCCA, using a case study of Nakawa and Rubaga divisions. Specifically, the study examined the effect of governance structures, corporate reporting and accountability on organisational performance of Nakawa and Rubaga divisions. The study adopted a case study research design and a mixed research approach. A sample size of 120 respondents was selected from a study population of 170 using solvene formula. Descriptive statistics were analysed using mean and standard deviation and Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used for inferential statistics. The study findings revealed: a significant positive relationship between governance structures and perfomance (r = 0.514, P = 0.000); a significant positive relationship between corporate reporting and performance (r =0.572, p = 0.000); and a significant positive relationship between accountability and performance of Nakawa and Rubaga divisions (r =0.579, p = 0.000). The study concluded that governance structures, corporate reporting and accountability as corporate governance practices significantly contribute to perfofmance of KCCA in that a positive change in any of the varibales would lead to a positive change in performance. The study recommended that: KCCA should institute robust governance structures that seek to provide clear separation of powers and draw clear lines of responsibility; the elected members of the councils should should have the williiningness to allow structures in place to work without political interference; KCCA and other public sector organisations should adopt online ccommunication and reporting channels where they share information and receive feedback; management of public entities should establish certain control mechanisms that ensure accountability; and that the government should be concerned with good corporate governance practices in all their organisations to improve performance.

The study examined the effects of technology adoption on SME performance in Buloba, Uganda during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the impact of the use of technology adoption to increase productivity and stay competitive was one of the problems tackled. The study was carried out with three major objectives which included determining whether technology was perceived as useful, and easy to use and the attitude applied towards using it on SME performance in Buloba, Uganda during covid-19. The study adopted a descriptive survey design where both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used. In this study, the target population was 98, where a sample size of 79 respondents was drawn using random sampling techniques and purposive respectively. Questionnaires and interviews and analysis were done using Statistical Package for Social Science (Regression analysis and Spearman rank correlation were used). Descriptive statistics were used. Qualitative analysis was done using content and thematic analysis. The Results show that the regression model was not the best fit for predicting the effect of the Perceived usefulness of technology on the performance of SMEs (F=.387, P=0.536), Using the correlation model, the result indicated that the coefficient was .106 and p=0.000 <0.05. It was observed that there was no positive significant impact and a weak/small positive relationship between the Perceived usefulness of technology on the performance of SMEs in Buloba. The results displayed that the regression model was not the best fit for predicting the effect of perceived ease of use of technology on the performance of SMEs (F=0.456, P=0.501), Using correlation, the coefficient was .064and p=0.000 <0.05. It was observed that there was no positive significant impact and a very weak/small positive relationship between the perceived ease of use of technology and the performance of SMEs in Buloba. The study showed that the regression model was not the best fit for predicting the effect of attitude towards the use of technology on the performance of SMEs (F=3.747, P=0.057). Using correlation, the coefficient was .279*and p=0.000 <0.05. It was observed that there was no positive significant impact and a moderate positive relationship between attitude towards the use of technology and the performance of SMEs in Buloba. It was concluded that there was a lack of access to the internet and low skills in how to use effectively technological tools purposely for business, it was recommended that the Government of Uganda should create some short- and long-term educational training and seminars to help small businesses stay competitive in this fast-changing world with fast technology.