Domestic violence is a pattern of coercive, controlling of behavior that is a pervasive life threatening crime affecting people in our communities regardless of gender, age, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, Religion and social standing (Gossenlin, 2005). Domestic Violence is any behavior the purpose of which is to gain power and control over a spouse, partner, girl / boyfriend or intimate family members. (WHO 2005) Domestic violence is also called" domestic abuse" or" intimate partner violence" can be defined as a pattern of behavior in an relationship that is used to gain or maintain power and control over an intimate partner. Domestic violence is committed by someone in the victims domestic circle. This includes partners and ex- partners, immediate family members, other relatives and family friends. The term domestic violence is used when there is a close relationship between the offender and the victim. (UNICEF 2017) According to man's way of understanding domestic violence is an abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one to gain or maintain control over another intimate partner

Globally, many women die due to factors related to childbirth either during pregnancy, childbirth or after birth. The causes of death are mainly due to complications that happen during the processes of birth. Contraceptive utilisation especially for the long-term reversible methods (LARCs) is one of the best interventions to reduce maternal death in that they help the mother to delay pregnancy and higher intervals of childbirth spacing. However, the utilisation of LARCs globally and in Uganda remains low due to several factors that include limited male partner support. The purpose of this Phenomenological qualitative research study was to have a deeper understanding of perceptions and beliefs of the rural indigenous Ugandan men towards the use of LARCs by rural women to develop strategies to enhance the uptake of those methods. Purposive sampling procedure was used to get the research study sample. The study population of 65 participants for focus group interviews and 30 for individual interviews who consist of married men aged 20 to 49 years. The study was be conducted in Rubanda district and Kiboga district of Uganda. The researcher used semi-structured questions for individual and focus group interviews. The data analysis was done by transcribing the interviews, sorting the field notes, organizing, and storing the data, listening to recordings, and reading the notes from the field interviews and then coded and categorised the data to build themes and then described the phenomenon. xvii The study found that there were perceptions and belief system among rural indigenous Ugandan men regarding the use of LARCs by their rural women, and these acted as barriers to low utilisation. These perceptions included those related to the side effects, fears, and desires. The belief systems included cultural and religious beliefs. The study recommended the strengthening of Social, Behavioural Change Communication, strengthening of service provision for LARCs and Monitoring and Evaluation systems for LARCs. Additionally, the policymakers should provide a conducive environment for LARCs services provision and the Ministry of Education and Sports, through Health training institutions and universities, should prepare pre-service and in-service healthcare workers to provide LARC services.

This Study was conducted in order to understand the perception of people on gender equality and family related conflict in Kigali sector/ Nyarugenge District. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to: i) analyze the perception of people around gender equality concept. ii) assess how gender equality perceptions contribute to family related conflict (iii) recommend some possible intervention strategies for a better understanding of gender equality that suggest for harmonious family relationships. Methodologically, the study was purely qualitative and data were collected using individual in-depth interview and review of secondary data tools. Ten females, ten male, five local leaders participated in the study. In total (25) respondents participated in this study. According to the narratives from respondents who participated in this study, indicates that laws and policy related to gender equality created the opportunity for women and helped them to understand their rights to participate in different activities that promote their wellbeing. However, testimonies from respondents on other hand reveals that these policies related to gender equality empower women and disempower men and this become a threat to men who still have cultural beliefs of supremacy and domination over women. This different understanding of gender equality by women and men create tension that turns to violence sometimes, as consequences the family become unstable. Furthermore findings indicates that 64% of respondents who participated in this study narrated that lack of communication and dialogue between couples become a source of conflict at household level. The findings suggested strategies include: public awareness on the real meaning of gender equality for the improvement of better understanding of the concept, recommendations also have been given and areas for further research have been also suggested.

The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of human resource capacity building on service delivery in local government in Rwanda with special reference to Karongi District. The specific objectives were to establish how employees perceive human resource capacity building programs; to assess the quality of service delivery and satisfaction of customers and determine the effects of human resource capacity building on service delivery in local government in Karongi District. The study was guided by human capital theory. Descriptive survey design using quantitative approach was adopted. The target population was 79 employees from Karongi District and Rubengera and Rugabano Sectors from which a sample of 79 employees and 126 customer respondents was selected using purposive, systematic and convenience sampling techniques. Data was collected using questionnaires and analysed through descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages and inferential statistics using t-student tests and was presented using tables and graphs. From the study findings, all employees 100% have undergone human resource capacity building programs as indicated by; good quality (55.2%), effective (80.6%) focus areas: customer service (43.3%) and office operations (17.9%). Various capacity building approaches were used including; coaching (83.6%), orientation (71.6%) and workshops (55.2%) towards improving service delivery and (69.0%) of customers perceived the service delivery as good and (68.1%) of customers were satisfied with the service delivery. It was also revealed that customer satisfaction with service delivery varied with their background characteristics where young were more satisfied than old customers, single more satisfied than widowers, farmers more satisfied than civil servants and customers seeking service from land service were more satisfied than those seeking service For Ubudehe appeals. The employees were perceived by customers as courteous and professionals (71.5%), attentive (75.4%) and willing to help customers (66.7%). The study also revealed that human resource capacity building has affected customer service delivery in local government in Karongi district to great extent as shown by (89.6%) of employee respondents. The study indicated that human resource capacity building has enabled employees improve their knowledge and skills, problem solving skills, clear responsibilities, professional attitudes towards customers. Finally, recommendations on human resource capacity building for continuing better customer service delivery were recommendations.

This study is about recidivism of ex-inmates and was conducted at Muhanga Prison in Muhanga District. It has covered a period of time starting from 2015 until 2018.The overall objective of this study was the exploration of factors leading ex-inmates get involved in crime related activities leading to recidivism in Muhanga Prison. The study used the social cognitive theory as well as the theory of planned behavior. Methodologically, the study was qualitative in nature and used questionnaire, interview and documentation review to collect data which were both primary and secondary. Participants were selected from different groups who included inmates convicted of recidivism related crimes, local authorities and correctional officers at Muhanga Prison. The major findings of the study were that, the livelihood of inmates after their previous release, the handling of dangerous drugs and drug abuse, expectation for higher profits and the addiction in drug dealing are the main factors influencing recidivism. It was also revealed that majority of respondents were affirmative that the rehabilitative programs had an effect on them while, a high percentage number of them felt that schools were less helpful and this calls for the need to reassess these programs and replace them with more programs supported by a high number of prisoners. Noted was also that, the categorization in the correctional programs provided by Muhanga Prison, the sensitization to fight against stigmatization of ex-inmates, the information sharing between Muhanga Prison and the local administration authority, as well as the provision of a financial package helping recidivists to start small income generating projects were presented as paramount for the proper reintegration of recidivists into the society. The major conclusions of the study were that, a vital element in the rehabilitation and reintegration of inmates is the role that is played by the correctional system in involving inmates in programs serving to fight against recidivism at Muhanga Prison. It also discovered that there is no systematic policy for taking care of ex-inmates in all local administrative entities. It also found out that they are at risks of a societal stigma, when the people are rejected by their neighborhood and society in general simply for having been in prison, this challenges their reintegration. By combining the two major conclusions above, the study finally revealed that, the education and training about recidivism in Muhanga Prison and the social reinsertion of ex inmates by the local administration constitute elements of crime prevention possibilities which can help to prevent recidivism related crimes in our societies.

This study has been conducted in order to assess the effects of genocide ideology on social cohesion in post-genocide Rwanda. Due to the time constraint and financial related issues, the research did not covered all the territory of Rwanda but the research was limited in Gasabo District. The general objective of this study was to highlight in clear way how – even if genocide has ended in Rwanda – the genocide ideology is very dangerous to Rwandan Social Cohesion. Its specific objectives were to explore how genocide ideology persists in post-genocide Rwanda and to find out how genocide ideology impacts social cohesion in post-genocide Rwanda. Regarding, the methodology the population of the study was composed by all local leaders in Bumbogo sector, member of sector counsel up to the cell, opinion leaders and representatives of Ibuka where all were found to be 83, hence the universal sampling was used since the total population is below 100. First of all the study found that genocide ideology still appears among citizens according to the opinions of the participants in this study where mainly people use to select people to marry with considering the mean of 3.60 which is interpreted as high mean, but in general the ideology of genocide in nowadays is moderate considering the grand mean of 2.76 which is interpreted as moderate mean. Studying social cohesion it was revealed that to all its indicators that were used in this study is positively perceived meaning in terms of trust, tolerance, solidarity and friendship. In last it has been found that persistence of genocide ideology reduced the level of friendship among people, reduction of the way by which people cooperate in different domains and it has become hard to see people with different history (Ethnic) to participate in the same ceremonies.

The research was aimed at establishing whether slum areas in Kigali City have got a high rate of crimes and the possible causes. The study focused on; Kangondo Cell, in Nyarutarama Sector, Gasabo District as the case study. Qualitative research approach was used, sample size was chosen using purposeful sampling and data was collected using; interview, questionnaire, focus group discussion and documentary reviews. The research was mainly hinged on the model or theory of social structure and social learning (Akers as cited by G Lee et al. 2004, p.18). The theory generally indicates that the behavior of human beings is shaped by the social environment and conditions therein. I found it relevant to way slum conditions shape people mostly the youth to adopt criminal behavior. Research findings indicate that crime rates are high in the area of study and that major causes include; poverty, influence of drugs, degeneration of values and poor settlement patterns. Majority of the people in slums mostly the youth lack occupation, are redundant and end up in crimes for survival or under the influence of drugs. There is acute degeneration of values and morals in slums which leads to breakdown of social order; some slum dwellers no longer differentiate between wrong and right while others can hardly recognize or respect any basics of Rwandan norms. Basing on the above findings, several recommendations were made but all were resonating around the following pillars; relocating people in slums to standardized settlement quarters or places and social-economic interventions to uplift the wellbeing of underprivileged categories of urban communities who makes the bulk of the slum population. Rural development programs are also paramount to discourage the influx of rural-urban immigration.

This Creditor protection has long been taken for granted as a benefit of the creditor. While securities can provide creditor protection, the protection is not complete, nor is it available in all cases. Sometimes the security cannot be affected, can diminish, can be intentionally destroyed or disposed in any maliciously way leaving the creditor at the mercy will of the debtor. Therefore, this paper reviews the limitations of this creditor protection to secured creditors and how secured creditors are protected during the commercial recoveries under Rwandan laws. This is majorly focusing on ordinary commercial recovery. Indeed, when one looks at all Rwandan laws regulating such legal arena, they do offer several options as forms of protection to secured creditors, nonetheless the most among the options offered remains sell of the mortgage or pledge of which this doesn’t not guarantee protection to a secured creditor utmost. Hence this paper tackles proposes mechanisms on how secured creditors are protected from fraudster debtors during commercial recoveries while making reference to particular case laws and doctrines.

This thesis presents the observational data reduction and results of an investigation into the 1:6 GHz OH and 6:7 GHz methanol masers in the G9:62+0:20E massive star forming region. Monitoring observations from the Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory (HartRAO) radio telescope were employed to establish correlated variabilities between the 6:7 GHz methanol masers and the left and right circular polarizations (LCP and RCP) of the mainline 1:6 GHz OH masers. This is the first reported incidence of periodic variations of the LCP and RCP components of the 1:6 GHz OH mainline masers associated with the 6:7 GHz methanol masers in this high mass star forming region. Correlated variability between the varying features in the LCP components of both hydroxyl masers and methanol masers was observed but the variability profiles were different for both species. Time lags were recorded between the methanol and the OH maser variabilties. Within the OH masers the variability profiles were preceded by a dip in flux density. The first high resolution observation of the L-band and Cband continuum of G9:62+0:20E were conducted with the e-MERLIN interferometric array. A flux density of 2:250:20 mJy and an angular size of 130 mas were measured for the C-band continuum. At L-band, an upper limit of 162 mJy on the integrated flux density was calculated at the position of the continuum. These results unlike previous observations reveal that the spectrum turns over steeply at low frequencies which could be explained with a truncated inverse square law density distribution model. The peak brightness temperature indicates that the continuum is optically thin at C-band and optically thick at L-band. In the context of the colliding wind binary model for periodic maser sources it is the variation of the seed photons from the background HII region that explains the variability. The continuum results in this thesis place firm constraints on models of the HII region that can be used to test the predictions of the colliding wind binary model in terms of the variability profiles of the OH and methanol masers.

Cocoa, a major source of livelihood for smallholder farmers in Ghana, is produced using conventional practices. Conventional cocoa production depends on high energy and input use. Organic practices were introduced in the late 1990s as an environmentally friendly option that depends on low external input use. Organic cocoa production has the potential to contribute profitability increases through premiums from higher added value. The full potential of organic agriculture and its suitability as a future solution to key agricultural challenges is still not adequately recognised. The study addresses three objectives: (1) comparison of the sustainability performance of organic with conventional cocoa farming system in terms of environmental integrity, economic resilience, social wellbeing, and good governance, (2) identification of trade-offs and synergies within and among the sustainability dimensions of the two farming systems, and (3) the impact of organic and conventional cocoa practices on environmental efficiency. The Sustainability Monitoring and Assessment Routine (SMART-farm tool) and Mann-Whitney U test used to test the mean rank differences between environmental integrity, economic resilience, social well-being, and good governance of the two farming systems. Using the principal component analysis (PCA) method, trade-offs, and synergies between thirty (30) sub-themes of environmental integrity and social wellbeing were identified. The publicly available specification (PAS) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) method were used to determine the impact of organic and conventional cocoa practices on environmental efficiency, using GHGs emissions. The 2017 Organic Farm Systems for Africa (OFSA) database was used to compare the sustainability performance, as well as the identification of trade-offs and synergies between environmental integrity and social wellbeing of two cocoa farming systems in Atwima Mponua District. The 2015-2017 ProEco Africa database was used to determine the impact of organic and conventional cocoa practices on environmental efficiency. In comparing the sustainability performance of organic with conventional cocoa farming systems, the study found the organic farming system to perform better in terms of land degradation, greenhouse gases, profitability, gender equity, and full cost accounting, compared to the conventional. Of the possible pairs among the sustainability dimensions, 52 sub themes were positive and strongly correlated (p < 0.05) for organic farming system suggesting synergies; whiles 32 (30 positive and 2 negative) and were strongly correlated (p < 0.05) for the conventional farming system. The study found more synergies within and among the sustainability dimensions for the organic cocoa farming system compared to conventional. Organic cocoa production (13.29 kg CO2 eq per kg) is environmentally efficient compared to conventional (17.67 kg CO2 eq per kg). There is a need for improvement in the sustainability performance of cocoa farming systems by Cocoa Health and Extension Division (CHED), Tano Biakoye organic cooperative and the department of agriculture. Conserving biodiversity should be prioritise by conventional farmers and they should be encouraged to use indigenous knowledge in the planning and implementation of cocoa sustainability programmes or projects.