Industrialrelationsisvitalforthesmoothflowofwork.Inthecourseofworking together,theemployersandtheemployeeshavedivergentexpectationsfrom eachotherandthesehavetobeharmonizedtoensuretherealizationofthefirms’ objectives.Inthisprocessthereareoftencomplaints,disputesandconflicts.The idealsituationasenvisionedintheindustrialrelationsactisfortheemployerand theemployeeunionstosittogetherandamicablyworktowardsresolution.Thisis howevernotthecaseinmostinstancesastheseconflictsoftenspillovertothird partyinvolvement.Thestudywasthusaimedatdeterminingtheperceived influenceofthirdpartyinterventionsintradedisputeresolution.Theobjectiveof thestudywastodeterminetheperceivedinfluenceofthirdpartyinterventionsin tradedisputeresolutionamongtradeunionsinKakamegaCounty,Kenya.This calledforacrosssectionaldescriptiveresearchdesignaswellasaqualitative design.Thequantitativeaspectoftheresearchusedmeanandstandarddeviation whilethequalitativeaspectusedphraseanalysisandfactoranalysisqualitative research.ThestudytargetedofficialsfromthetradeunionsinKakamegaCounty fromwhomresponseswerecollectedusingsemistructuredquestionnaires.The datawasthensortedthenanalyzedusingdescriptivestatisticsfollowedby qualitativeanalysis.Thestudyfoundthatmostoftheindustrialrelationsconflicts reachedlevelsofthirdpartyinterventiontoimplythattheagreementsbetween tradeunionsandemployersaregettingfewerwithtimewithnearlyallconflicts solvedbythirdparties.Thestudyalsofoundthatthethirdpartiesareperceivedto beneutral,havelegalknowledge,areperceivedtobewisehaveahigherformal powerthanbothpartiesintheconflict,havehighmoralandethicalstanding,are credible,accessibleandarefairaswellashavecharisma.Thelimitationsofthe studywasthatitwascarriedwithinKakamegaCountyandnotthewholecountry andthereforethereisneedforfurtherstudy

Anaemia and especially iron deficiency anaemia remain one of the most significant nutritional deficiency in the world affecting approximately 30% of the population. This is more so in countries like Kenya being developing countries. Women of child bearing age and adolescents bear the largest burden. Previous studies have identified inadequate dietary intake and poor absorption of iron as the main causes of anaemia. The study evaluated the effect of consuming cooked vegetables enriched with baobab powder, on haemoglobin status of anaemic adolescent girls in Kilifi, Kenya. A rapid assessment was conducted to determine knowledge attitude and prevalence of anaemia in Kilifi County through four key informant interviews. A structure questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and socio-economic data, morbidity data and food consumption habits of adolescent girls. Analyses were carried out to determine the iron content of the vegetables Amaranth and Solanum nigram and the vitamin C content of the baobab grown at the study site. The iron content of raw Solanum nigrum was 5.5mg/100g and of amaranths at 4.4mg/100g. However, the iron content of cooked vegetables in the serving of 225g was 6.2mg and 4.5mg respectively. The vitamin C content of baobab powder was 106mg/100g. Each serving of the mixed vegetable (225g) was enriched with 10g of baobab powder containing 10.6mg of vitamin C. Systematic random sampling was used to select 112 adolescent girls from the entire school population using the class registers. From the sampled girls 101 were screened for haemoglobin level, after obtaining parental consent during the baseline testing. Reagent less method using a HemoCue machine was used to assess the haemoglobin level of each of the girls. 32 out of the 101 girls had a haemoglobin of < 11.9 g/dl and hence were recruited into the feeding trial. During the intervention, the 32 anaemic adolescent girls were allocated into two feeding groups consisting of 16 girls in each group. One group was served with mixed vegetables enriched with 10g of baobab powder in each serving of (225g) and the other group with vegetables without baobab powder (placebo) during the scheduled school lunch. The feeding xiiperiod lasted 30days, after which 31 adolescent girls who completed the feeding trial were reevaluated for haemoglobin level. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 23. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, mean and percentile) were used to describe the study population. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were used to determine associated factors (diet consumption habits, age of participant with the haemoglobin level) and T-test was used to compare means of the two feeding groups. The result show that the prevalence of anaemia among the sampled population at baseline was 31.7%, out of which 9.4% had severe anaemia (<8.0g/dl), 40.6% had moderate anaemia (8.0-10.9g/dl) and 50% mild anaemia (11.0-11.9g/dl). A comparison between the two feeding groups indicated the mean baseline haemoglobin were lower in the intervention group (10.5g/dl) compared to the control group (11.2g/dl). Although the difference was not significant (P=0.052). After the 30 days of feeding trial 14 girls representing 45.2% of the adolescent girls achieved normal Hb (>11.9g/dl). The mean final haemoglobin concentration for the intervention group was 11.6g/dl and for control at 11.8g/dl with a mean change of 1.1g/dl and 0.6g/dl respectively. This was significant at (P=0.045). In conclusion, indigenous green leafy vegetables are a good source of iron and are availability all year round in the study area. Baobab being a rich source of vitamin C with a shelf life of up to 3 months can be used concurrently with the vegetables to enhance the absorption of iron and hence improve anaemia significantly. Almost half of the adolescent girls who completed the feeding trial 14 out of the 31 achieved normal Hb of >11.9 with an average rate of increase of 1.0g/dl mostly from the intervention group, thus can be concluded that cooked vegetables enriched with baobab powder can effectively improve haemoglobin level of anaemic adolescent girls

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and opioids are used in the management of inflammation and pain. However, the use of these drugs is limited by cost, adverse effects, and the reappearance of symptoms after discontinuation. Given these limitations, the search for alternatives may be necessary. The roots of Maerua triphylla are used by Maasai and Kikuyu communities for the management of headaches, stomachaches, migraines, and rheumatism. However, data on the safety and efficacy of this plant is not available to support its use. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety (LD50), phytochemical constituents, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties of root extracts of M. triphylla. Cold maceration was used to prepare methanol and aqueous root extracts of M. triphylla. The safety of these extracts was evaluated in Wistar rats using the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD 425) guidelines. Phytochemical composition of the extracts was determined by standard qualitative methods. The acetic acid-induced writhing procedure was used to evaluate the analgesic activity of the extracts in Swiss albino mice. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was determined in Wistar rats using the acetic acid-induced paw oedema method. The percentage yield from the aqueous extraction was 12.4% whereas the percentage yield from the methanol extraction was 6.2%. All the studied plant extracts had LD50 > 2000mg/kg bw and were classified as nontoxic according to the OECD 425 guidelines. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, cardiac glycosides and alkaloids in both extracts. However, saponins were only present in the methanol extract. In the analgesic study, mice that received 100 mg/kg bw and 500 mg/kg bw of aqueous root extract of M. triphylla had significantly lower acetic acid-induced writhing in comparison to mice that received 75 mg/kg bw acetylsalicylic acid (reference drug) (p< 0.05). Additionally, mice that received 500 mg/kg bw of methanol root extract of M. triphylla had significantly lower acetic acid-induced writhing in comparison to mice that received 75 mg/kg bw acetylsalicylic acid (p< 0.05). In the anti-inflammatory study, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the inhibitory activity of different doses of the aqueous root extract of M. triphylla and a 50 mg/kg dose of diclofenac sodium (reference drug) on acetic acid-induced paw edema in rats. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the inhibitory activity of 100 mg/kg bw and 500 mg/kg bw doses of the methanol root extract of M. triphylla and a 50 mg/kg dose of diclofenac sodium (p>0.05). These findings suggest that the roots of M. triphylla may be useful in the mitigation of pain and inflammation and therefore support their ethnomedicinal use in the management of inflammation and pain. Further isolation, characterization and quantification of the specific phytochemical constituents in the root extracts of M. triphylla with anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity is recommended. Furthermore, the specific mode(s) through which these extracts exert their reported pharmacological activities should be established. Further toxicological studies on the plant extracts are recommended to fully determine their safety.

Globally, potato cyst nematodes species (Globodera pallida and Globodera rostochiensis) are characterized by their invasive nature, efficient adaptability in most environments, and vast spread in potato fields. Given the invasive potential of this pest, its mitigation entails restricting the movement of soil, planting materials, and farm tools in established infested farms. Therefore, the study aims at determining the level of resistance in local potato cultivars, efficacies of organic amendments and bio-control agents (BCAs) in managing potato cyst nematodes. In achieving these objectives, experiments were conducted in the laboratory, greenhouse, and open field already infested with potato cyst nematodes. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted at Upper Kabete, University of Nairobi whereas the subsequent field experiments were conducted in selected farms in Nyandarua County. To determine the level of resistance of locally available potato cultivars to potato cyst nematodes, the following potato cultivars were used; Dutch Robijn, Shangi, Roslin Tana, Tigoni, Asante, Sherekea, Nyota, Unica, Chulu, Arka, Kenya Mpya, Desiree and Manito. Potato cultivar ‘Shangi’ was used to assess the efficacies of organic amendments (chicken, pig, cow, goat and green manure) and bio-control agents; Purpureocillium lilacinum, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma atroviride, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtillis on potato cyst nematodes, respectively. Data collected from the experiments was subjected to analysis of variance and their means separated using Tukeys multiple comparisons (p<0.05). Potato cultivars Sherekea and Nyota were considered partially resistant to PCN with a severity score of 4-6 (<25-3%) whereas cultivars Shangi, Tigoni, Dutch, Chulu, Asante, Unica, Arka, Kenya Mpya and Roseline Tana were susceptible with a severity score of 1- 3(>100-5%). The reproductive index of PCN viable eggs of all the 11 potato cultivars either susceptible or partially resistant were < 1 compared to the positive control potato cultivar Desiree. For all organic amendments, potato cyst nematode count was reduced by 50% under greenhouse whereas the reduction was 85% with a reproductive index of <1 for cow, goat and green manure compared to the control in the open field. All commercial BCAs had < 25 potato cyst nematode count compared to the control which had 48-53 cysts under the greenhouse. In the open field, the BCAs namely T. asperellum, T. atroviride and P.lilacinus, had < 23 final cysts count from an initial count of 106-247 cysts in the first season whereas the second season had < 7 final cyst count from an initial count of 19-166 cysts across cultivars Desiree, Shangi and Markies. This study established two tolerant potato cultivars; Nyota and Sherekea. Additionally, all bio-control agents except Bacillus subtillis and organic amendments were effective in suppressing potato cyst nematodes population densities. Therefore, integration of tolerant potato cultivars, bio-control agents and organic amendments can be recommended for sustainable management of potato cyst nematodes

The study sets out to analyse language as a survival strategy in Jennifer Makumbi’s Manchester Happened (2019). The study interrogates the short stories focusing on the creative use of language to represent characters who depend on varied linguistic choices to survive in transcultural systems. In addition, the study examines cultural translation established through cross-cultural contacts as brought out in the primary text. The study evaluates the linguistic hybridity exhibited in the short stories in enunciating survival in cross-cultural systems. An evaluation of hybridity in the use of language in the short stories enables this research to explore the binary linguistic and cultural spaces occupied by immigrant characters. It also analyses the role of language as a survival tool for immigrant returnees. The study employs stylistics, postcolonial literary theory and concepts from translation studies as the interpretive matrix for analysis. Stylistics enhances the interpretation of the intersection between language and literary textsin articulating survival in varied spaces; post-colonial theory directs this study by focusing on the complexities of cross-cultural relations that characterise survival in the transnational spaces; and translation studies focuses on the significance of language, naming and renaming, and social structures in cultural translation as evident in the short stories under scrutiny. The study arrives at the conclusion that the short story is a rich genre that can be used to relay the myriad experiences concerning the survival of immigrants despite its brevity in form. The unified experience that is realised through an encounter with the short stories affirms the nature of the short story form in representing reality in totality. The conclusion that hybridity in the use of language is significant in negotiating cross-cultural contacts is arrived at by examining the fictional immigrants’ linguistic choices. The study establishes that social structures are contact zones for cross-cultural exchange.

This study determines factors that are associated to non-adherence to tuberculosis treatment in Kenya. In the African Region, over 25% of the tuberculosis deaths occur. Kenya is among the 30 high burden countries accounting for more than 80% of tuberculosis cases in the world. In Kenya, TB is the number five killer. Due to the high cases of TB, WHO established a global plan called End TB Strategy that was aimed at reducing the tuberculosis deaths by 95%. Adherence to TB treatment is a key element to ensuring a successful control TB program, however, not every patient adheres to TB treatment. Non adherence to TB treatment results in the increase in number of deaths, drug resistance by patients, length of illness and disease transmission, which have economic consequences for patients and their families due to loss of income and cost of the health system. A system that tells if a patient will adhere to the tuberculosis treatment or not can help to curb the non-adherence rates.

Technology has influenced every sphere of human life, including education. Schools have continually used technology in various spheres of their operation around the world (Squelch, 2001). The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of CCTV surveillance technology on school safety in public boarding secondary schools in Igembe South sub-county, Meru County, Kenya. Using a descriptive survey research design, the study sought to examine: the role of CCTV surveillance technology in student safety; the perception of students towards CCTV surveillance technology; and to find out the challenges faced in implementing CCTV surveillance technology in schools for safety. Interview schedules and questionnaires were administered to students, watchmen and principals to help gather the relevant data. The target population was 2416 respondents. The data was analyzed with the help of a computer program, SPSS version 23 and Microsoft Excel. From the analysis, the study established that all the schools were located in a safe area from both internal and external threats. The dormitories, toilets and near the fence were the most unsafe areas in the school. Schools had embraced CCTV surveillance as a measure of ensuring that every student enjoyed an environment that is physically safe, emotionally secure and psychologically enabling. The main role of CCTV surveillance technology was in deterring offenders and monitoring students’ activities. The study established that CCTV surveillance cameras were perceived positively by a large number of students and the cameras were linked with keeping the school safe. The challenges facing implementation of CCTV surveillance technology for school safety included: cameras breaking down, the CCTV system being expensive to maintain and inadequate personnel to man CCTV cameras effectively in schools. In order to make schools safe, there should be effective use of CCTV cameras. Other measures that were suggested included: proper fencing of schools, additional security personnel, improved discipline among the students, reducing teacher restrictions by encouraging teachers to be more friendly, proper screening of outsiders and parental involvement. Government should also finance public boarding secondary schools to acquire CCTV surveillance technology for safety.

E-commerce is an online transaction which normally takes place over the internet network and uses digital technology. These transactions include buying and selling of goods or services on the internet. Many e-commerce companies like Amazon, Netflix, booking.com and Jumia build their websites with recommender systems that that provide customers with personalized recommendations. These systems face challenges and limitations that reduce their performance, e.g. recommendations' overspecialization, cold start, and difficulties when items with unequal probability distribution appear MBA helps us identify items likely to be purchased together, and association rule mining finds correlations between items in a set of transactions. Association rule mining (ARM) identifies the association or relationship between a large set of data items and forms the base for market basket analysis. ARM has been used in different industries for example supermarkets, mail order, telemarketing, production, fraud detection of credit card and e-commerce.

For any linear operator T acting on a Hilbert space H, its Aluthge transform T˜ where T˜ = |T| 1 2U|T| 1 2 is another linear operator on H. It is known that T˜ preserves the spectral properties of T and more importantly that T has a non trivial closed invariant subspace if and only if T has. In this project Aluthge transforms of dierent classes of operators in Hilbert spaces were studied. In addition, generalized Aluthge transforms, as well as powers of Aluthge transformations were sort and looked at. Lastly, the numerical range of T was discussed but for some classes of operators.

Background Comorbidity of hypertension and diabetes leads to signicant risks of mortality and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart attacks and strokes. Kenya, like many low and middle-income countries (LMICs), faces a rapid increase in NCDs burden. However, sub-national burden proles to inform health policy at the county level; the current health planning units are implausible due to small sample sizes from the existing NCDs data sources in Kenya. The main objective of this study was to determine the distribution of hypertension and diabetes disease prevalence at county units in Kenya using small area estimation methods. Methods Data from a nationally representative Kenya STEPwise survey for NCDs risk factors (STEPs-2015) was used. The survey collected health information (physical and biochemical measurements), risky behaviour and demographic indicators related to NCDs for 4,500 persons aged 18-69 years. Multivariate conditional autoregressive models that account for spatial autocorrelation and dependence between diseases (latent eects) were t to estimate the county-specic prevalence of hypertension and diabetes. Simple multivariate improper CAR, improper multivariate CAR, proper multivariate CAR and M-model latent eects were explored. A mixed-eects multinomial logistic regression model was t to identify the macro-risk factors of hypertension and diabetes in Kenya. Results The M-model was selected as the best t based on DIC. Substantial geographical variation in the prevalence of hypertension ranging from 9% in Wajir county and 54% in Nyeri county while diabetes ranged from 0.1% in Narok to 8.1% in Makueni were observed. Overall, 47% (22 counties) and 36% (17 counties) had hypertension and diabetes prevalence estimates above the national burden, 26.4% and 2.7% respectively. Notably, Mombasa, Kiambu, Embu and Nyeri had a substantial burden of both hypertension and diabetes. High cholesterol, central obesity, age, BMI, harmful alcohol intake and high sugar intake were signicantly associated with hypertension and diabetes. Conclusion The county-specic prevalence estimates provide the rst evaluation of hypertension and diabetes burden that policymakers can use to inform interventions aimed at prevention and treatment of NCDs in Kenya. Implementation of comprehensive screening programs and awareness building for NCDs control are crucial in reducing hypertension and diabetes burden in Kenya.