The purpose of this thesis is to model and forecast value-at-risk based on range-measuring rather than the commonly acknowledged volatility models that are based on closing prices. The use of close-to-close prices in modelling and forecasting value-at-risk might not capture important intra-day information about the price movement. As a result, crucial price movement information is lost and consequently the model becomes less ecient. This thesis recommends the inclusion or range-measuring, described as the dierence between the highest and lowest prices of an underlying stock within a time interval, a day, to compute Value-at-Risk. The project uses data of an NSE-listed and trading company, SASN, between November 2009 and November 2019 on which the predictability of range-based and close-to-close estimates was established. It was observed that the values obtained by range-based models were more accurate than when only the daily closing prices are used. The range-based models successfully capture dynamics of the volatility and achieves improve performance relative to the GARCH-type models. These ndings are fairly consistent and can be extended to applications like portfolio optimization.

Contract farming is becoming popular in most developing countries. Most African farmers operate relatively smaller farm sizes and are resource-poor, characterized by poor access to farm and financial inputs and operate in unreliable inputs and output markets. Extant literature shows that contract farming offers solutions to most of these constraints. However, not all smallholder farmers participate in contracts and those who do, often violate the contracts. Empirical research on effect of contract farming on smallholder livelihoods show inconclusive results; some studies have shown that contract farming improves farmers’ productivity and income, while others find it having a negative effect on income and productivity. This study therefore analyzed participation in contract farming and its effects on technical efficiency (TE) and smallholder farmers’ income in Bungoma and Busia counties in Western Kenya. The present study focused on chili and spider plants as the targeted vegetables due to their richness in vitamins and phytochemicals. Primary data was collected from 300 smallholder vegetable farmers in Bungoma and Busia counties. A Probit model was used to analyze the determinants of participation in contract farming while stochastic production frontier and metafrontier models were applied in analyzing TE and technology gaps. Endogenous treatment regression model was used to analyze the effect of participating in contract farming on farm income. Results revealed that, land size had a positive effect on participation in contract farming for both spider plant and pooled farmers. Contract farming had a positive effect on TE and technology gap ratios (TGRs) for both crops. Participation in contract farming had a positive effect on farm income for spider plant, chili and pooled vegetable farmers. The incentives and disincentives of contracting firms should be put into account when designing programmes and policies for promoting contract farming to ensure that there is a balance in benefits between the contracting and contracted parties

This case management study was conducted in Okiya village, Alwi, packwach district. This case management was carried out to help MR. Warom Peter who was experiencing mental illness created by continued fear for covid 19. This case was identified during the second phase of the COVID-19 lockdown .he was then put into a rehabilitation facility at Angal referral hospital in Nebbi district by the help of the senior medical offer because he had started acting aggressively to the entire family and the community I used the case management steps to help assess the needs of Mr. Warom Peter

The purpose of the study was investigating the influence of community involvement on the implementation of the Kitui Cereals Enhancement Project in Mwingi Central Sub County. The study had four objectives which included establishing the influence of participatory identification on implementation of KCEP project in Mwingi Central Sub County, secondly to determine how participatory planning influenced the implementation of KCEP project in Mwingi Central Sub County, thirdly to establish the extent to which participatory leadership influenced implementation of KCEP project in Mwingi Central Sub County and lastly to assess how participatory monitoring and evaluation influenced implementation of KCEP project in Mwingi Central Sub County. The study used a descriptive survey design targeting all the 1100 farmers directly benefiting from the KCEP project in Mwingi Central Sub County. The survey respondents were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. Data collection tools used for the study are standardized questionnaires. The questionnaire consisted of five-point Likert rating scales. Pilot testing of the research instruments was done in Kitui Central Sub County of Kitui County. The pilot testing exercise assisted to establish the reliability of the research instrument. The validity of the research instrument was determined by technical experts from the University of Nairobi. The collected data was analyzed using measures of central tendency and coefficient of variation to describe the variability of the statistics. The data was summarized in graphical representations. From the findings of the study, participatory project identification, participatory project planning, participatory leadership and participatory monitoring and evaluation were found to have a positive and significant linear influence on implementation of Kenya cereal enhancement programme. The study indicated that jointly, participatory project identification, participatory planning, participatory leadership and participatory monitoring & evaluation influence the implementation of Kenya cereals enhancement programme using a case of Mwingi central sub county in Kitui County. The findings indicate that 77% of change in KCEP implementation can be explained by four predictors including participatory project identification participatory planning, participatory leadership and participatory monitoring and evaluation implying that the remaining 23% of the variation in project implementation could be accounted for by other factors not considered in this study. Government policy was found to have a moderating effect on the relationship between community involvement and implementation of KCEP.

This study sought to look at the lives of former drug addicts who had managed to leave drug addiction, how they left and how their lives were after quitting drugs. A total of 6 participants who comprised of 4 former drug addicts and 5 community members in different capacities were individually interviewed. Data was collected and subjected to analysis by way of coding and identification of arising themes. The findings indicate that environmental factors are the major reasons as to why drug users continue using drugs. However, with the help of third parties like UYDEL or other peers, the drug addicts are able to quit drugs. Traumatic experiences also contribute to the exit of some from the industry. These findings show that one factor alone is not adequate for the drug addicts to quit drugs but it is rather the interplay of several factors or when a particular issue becomes extreme that the drug addicts finally quit drugs. Even after quitting drugs, there needs to be some sort of activities to make them busy and stay away from drugs. The study suggest that environmental influence is one of the biggest reasons in the first place for drug users to start using and continue using drugs. It is therefore imperative that the drug users be supported to access other things to make them busy which enable them to maintain their dignity and remain outside using drugs.