Nations are embracing growth of Female Labor Force Participation as it has enabled economies reduce poverty rates, reduce gender inequality, improve economic growth and development, improve living standards within a large share of the population, as well as achievement of other SDGs. Kenya has also taken steps forward to reduce the gender labor gap, however, only a slight change has been witnessed given the government and non-governmental contribution. Previous studies looked into the determinants of Female Labor Force Participation with their approach and duration differing from the one used in this study. This study sought to analyze the determinants of female labor force participation in Kenya using the latest data, that is, 2015/16 Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey data employing the logit model. The study pursued to provide up to date information on determinants of FLFP, acknowledging the change that may have occurred since the last study of FLFP was done. Findings revealed that education, marital status, age, infrastructure, household head and disability as important determinants of Female Labor Force Participation in Kenya. The study therefore suggested investment in education sector with an aim of ensuring the girl child remains in school up to secondary level. The study also recommended sensitization of the society on inclusion of disabled females by firms by the National Council for People with Disabilities.

This project paper contributes to the understanding of state-centered development in post- colonial Africa. The existing literature offers an intriguing discourse on the state interventionist policies in planning and implementation of development schemes in the independence era. The underlying theme is that weak state institutions in post-colonial Africa contributed to the government's failure to engender significant development in the continent. The argument is that hegemonic planning and implementation of the development process is the principal reason for the failure of the post-colonial state in its attempt to provide tangible social and economic development in the independence era. Nevertheless, the existing literature does not highlight how rural residents appropriate state mediated development in ways that brings success to them, despite the aforementioned inadequacies. Taking a case study of the rural electrification process in Masinga Sub- County, from 1973 to 2019, this project paper offers a critical focus on the role of subalterns, as agents and architects of rural development. The study deliberately eschews conventional narratives on the rural population as lumpen elements in the development process. Arguably, this perspective lends credence to the bottom-up approach, which in essence provides bedrock to the ideas of people's agency in the development process. The research relied on the bottom- up development theory, as the philosophical and analytical tool for the study. The utility of the model lies in its emphasis on the provision of social amenities as the most important end and principal means to social development. The study utilized both primary and secondary data. The research used purposive sampling technique and snowballing methods to identify respondents who were interviewed using a research interview guide. The data collected from the field was thematically analyzed. Thematic analysis enabled the researcher to establish the parameters of social change which were attributed to appropriation of electricity by the rural population in Masinga Sub-county. The research findings knit evidence on how rural population utilized electricity in ingenious ways which changed the social and economic trajectory of the area in the Twenty- First Century. The findings therefore contradict the arguments by the scholars on the non-viability of the state funded projects in Africa. The argument is that rural population is capable of appropriating social utilities provided by the state in ways that work for their benefit despite their deficiencies.

Decent work and economic growth is outlined as one of the seventeen sustainable development goals framed on ensuring that all the individuals in the world as a whole are socio-economically empowered irrespective of their status or their countries as outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. Cash transfer programs have demonstrated to be very strong instruments of poverty reduction, with positive impacts on poverty, dietary diversity, enrollment and attendance in school, investment in productive assets, child labor and empowerment indicators. The study purposed to establish the effect of cash transfer program on socio - economic empowerment of communities in Dadaab refugee complex, Kenya. The study objectives were: to examine the influence of funding of cash transfer program on socio-economic empowerment, to examine the influence of governance of cash transfer program on socio-economic empowerment, to examine the influence of needs assessment on recipients of cash transfer program on socio-economic empowerment and to examine the influence of monitoring and evaluation of cash transfer program on socio-economic empowerment of communities in Dadaab refugee complex, Kenya. The study adopted universalism theory and theory of change and cash transfer programs to underpin this study. The research design used was descriptive survey design. The study targeted a population of 27,286 comprising of cash transfer officers, key informants and refugee households. A sample size of 427 of the respondents was carefully selected using probability sampling. The research relied on interview guides and research questionnaires. Research instruments were subjected to reliability and validity tests to ensure they achieve the recommended status before they are used in the actual study. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, standard deviations and means and also inferential analysis such as Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used in analysis of collected data. The study further relied on frequency distribution tables and prose-form in order to present the information. From the study, there was positive relationship between funding of cash transfer program and socio-economic empowerment (r = 0.680). The study also found out that there was positive relationship between governance of cash transfer program and socio-economic empowerment (r = 0.697). Furthermore, the study found out a positive correlation between needs assessment on recipients of cash transfer and socio - economic empowerment (r = 0.820). Lastly, study ascertained that there existed a positive relationship between monitoring and evaluation of cash transfer program and socio - economic empowerment (r = 0.819). The study concluded that funding of cash transfer programs, governance of cash transfer programs, needs assessment on recipients and monitoring and evaluation of cash transfer programs had positive and significant effect on socio-economic empowerment of communities in Dadaab refugee complex. Thus, more stakeholders should be brought on board to ensure funding is well achieved and that the organizations have adequate funds to reach all the refugees that may be needy. The stakeholders should employ various technique in programs to educate beneficiaries on financial literacy as well as providing coaching and mentorship to apply in the various economic activities that promote economic empowerment. There is also need to ensure that more professionals are engaged by the support groups to ensure that there is proper governance and that the cash transfers only reach the intended and needy beneficiaries. Finally, the study recommends that through monitoring and evaluation of cash transfer programs, the support groups should ensure that any shortcomings that may result from the programs are quickly traced and proper correction measures undertaken for the benefit of the beneficiaries.

This study was set out to achieve the following two objectives: to establish the strategic marketing practices of the taxi hailing firms in Nairobi, Kenya; and to establish the influence of strategic marketing practices on the competitive advantage of the taxi hailing firms in Nairobi, Kenya. The study was anchored in the resource-based theory, dynamic capability theory, the social exchange theory and Porter’s Theory of competitive advantage provided anchorage to the study. Relevant empirical literature was reviewed that informed the development of the conceptual framework. Descriptive cross sectional survey design was adopted targeting 43 taxi hailing firms in Nairobi and census was undertaken. Information from these participants was collected in its primary form and analyzed descriptively and inferentially. It emerged from the results on the first objective that relationship marketing was the highly adopted strategic marketing practice among the taxi hailing firms in Nairobi (M=3.90) followed by social media marketing (M=3.85), differentiation strategy (M=3.81) and lastly content marketing strategies (M=3.75) respectively. On the second objective, the study noted that content marketing strategy (β=0.401, t>1.96 & p<0.05) exerted the greatest and significant effect on competitive advantage of taxi hailing firms in Nairobi followed by relationship marketing (β=0.377, t>1.96 & p<0.05), differentiation strategy (β= .301, t>1.96 & p<0.05) and lastly social media marketing (β=0.243, t>1.96 & p<0.05). The study concludes that the taxi hailing firms in Nairobi had adopted strategic marketing practices to a great extent and these significantly predicted their competitive advantage. The study recommends that since content marketing strategies and relationship marketing strategies were seen to have greater influence on competitive advantage, the study recommends that marketing managers of the taxi hailing firms in Nairobi should make significant improvement and review of these aspects for significant realization of competitive edge. The policy makers in the taxi hailing firms in Nairobi should formulate relevant policies on strategic marketing so as to significantly impact on competitive edge of their firms.

A few states such as Rwanda stand out globally following significant political, social, and economic progress after successful efforts in internal conflict management. This study sought to investigate the applicability of the Rwandan conflict resolution strategies in countries facing conflicts. The main objective of this research was to establish the role of post-conflict states in regional security and conflict management in Africa. Specifically, this study aimed at; investigating the efficacy and role played by Rwanda as a case study in conflict management in Africa. The study was qualitative. Some mechanisms used in conflict management such as negotiation, mediation, arbitration, reconciliation, NGO’s engagement, preventive diplomacy, peace keeping operations as well as use of indigenous models were used in Rwanda and continue bearing an impact given her efforts in peace keeping across Africa. Coming from a history of ethnic biases, division, and savagery, Rwanda’s efforts taken to resolve conflicts were compelling positively impacting her economic recuperation, administration, infrastructure restoration, and improvement of her citizenry’s welfare. Rwanda’s approach to post-conflict peace-building was multidimensional which should be commended. The study recommends adoption of indigenous peace building initiatives like those in Rwanda in addition to provision of basic human needs and liberties to forestall cleavages in society leading to armed conflicts.

The study's goal was to see how lean supply chain management affected the performance of manufacturing firms in Mogadishu, Somalia. The study had two objectives: to evaluate the level to which manufacturing firms in Mogadishu, Somalia have adopted lean supply chain management practices and to ascertain the association amongst lean supply chain management practices and performance of Manufacturing Firms in Mogadishu, Somalia. The paper used descriptive research design, with all Manufacturing Firms listed by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry in Mogadishu as the study's population. Census was carried out on all the 35 manufacturing companies in Mogadishu, Somalia. The study used primary data drafted by questionnaires which were administered through electronic email by use of google forms. The findings indicate that Manufacturing Firms in Mogadishu, Somalia, adopted lean production and lean transportation to a large extent while lean procurement was adopted to a medium extent. The results reveal that lean production, lean procurement and lean transportation influences performance (profitability and market share) of manufacturing firm’s in Mogadishu. Lean supply chain management thus has an affirmative and substantial relationship with performance of manufacturing firms in Mogadishu. The managers and decision makers can use the outcome to establish lean supply chain management practices that influences performance and adopt them in their manufacturing firms. Future research should concentrate on the impact of lean supply chain management on supply chain performance of small, medium and manufacturing firms in Mogadishu Somalia to see if the results will be the same.