Background Uropathogenic Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infections are a major public health issue menacing the effectual treatment of urinary tract infections among females. The use of quinolone antibiotics like Ciprofloxacin and Nalidixic acid for urinary tract infection treatment is customary in Uganda. Misuse of these antibiotics has occasioned the emergence of resistance in Escherichia coli ultimately leading to increased cost of treating UTIs in females. Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of quinolone resistant genes qepA among Escherichia coli isolates obtained from archived Uropathogenic E. coli at the microbiology laboratory at Makerere university College of Health Sciences. Methods and Materials The study was a cross sectional study which used archived uropathogenic E. coli at the microbiology laboratory at Makerere university College of Health Sciences known to have quinolone resistance. From the 30 archived samples, confirmation was done using phenotypic then genotypic methods. The samples were confirmed to be E. coli using biochemical tests, DNA extraction was done using CTAB and PCR targeting the qepA gene was done Results From the 30 archived samples that were grown on MacConkey agar, 21 samples had pure E. coli colonies. The 21 samples showed positive results for E. Coli when subjected to biochemical tests. Out of the 21 recovered isolates, antibiotic susceptibility pattern revealed that the highest and lowest rates were to nalidixic acid (100%) and ciprofloxacin (66.6%) respectively. Following PCR, 1 of 21 samples was positive for the qepA gene Conclusion The study demonstrated the presence of 4.76% qepA genes, this was in line with most of the studies carried out on plasmid mediated resistance genes where by their prevalence is generally low.

About half of the world’s population cook over an open biomass fire. These traditional stoves are characterized by very low efficiencies and harmful gas emissions. Over the last three decades there have been efforts to improve the design of traditional stoves. These stoves are expensive to manufacture because the design requires extensive experimentation under controlled conditions which are expensive, time consuming and difficult to control. Ugastove is one of improved cook stoves which is commonly used for cooking and heating in Uganda. It has a thermal efficiency of up to 35 %. Though there are numerous aspects that can be utilized to improve the efficiency of these stoves, this thesis develops the effect of the stove geometry on its heat transfer efficiency using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The CFD modeling of locally manufactured improved stoves in Uganda is not extensive for charcoal stoves and there is still little scientific knowledge used to improve consequent designs. In this study, Solid Edge V16 was used to model different geometries of Ugastoves and CFD analysis was carried out for the dissimilar geometries of the stove to evaluate the behavior of heat transfer and flow during cooking using ANSYS FLUENT 2019R1 while utilizing Fluid Flow codes. The efficiency of the Ugastove, predicted from the CFD simulations was 33.8 %, closely approximating experimental data. The original geometry of the stove was altered to determine the effect on the stove efficiency. Efficiency of 42.7 % was achieved when the size of the holes in the combustion chamber reduced from 30 mm to 2.5 mm, and their number increased from nine (9) to twelve (12) and with the thickness of the clay lining increased from 35 mm to 45 mm, the thermal efficiency increased up to 46.7 %. The Ugastove’s efficiency can therefore be increased by these design changes that can be easily adapted in the current design on the market. However, in order to achieve efficience more than 50 %; different parameters and radiation models can be used to simulate the stove, a different fuel for example briquettes can be used to check if the efficiency is affected by type of fuel. The Stoves are sometimes used in closed kitchen environment, therefore study using close-kitchen environments can be studied.

The investigation on, “Effect of combined naphthalene acetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid on the initial root formation on cuttings of selected ornamental plants” was carried out at Wankoko KCCA plant nursery located in Bugolobi village. The objectives of the study were to find out the main goal of this study is to contribute to the successful propagation of quality ornamental nursery stock; to determine the effect of varying NAA and IBA rooting hormones on initial rooting of selected ornamental cuttings of Ixora spp, Brunfelsia spp and Bougainvillea spp and to determine the effect of explant fungicide treatment on rooting of selected ornamental cuttings. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized Design involving three ornamentals and five levels of hormone combination. Data were collected on number of cuttings alive (callused, rooted and shooted), number of budded shoots on the cuttings, number and length of roots developed per rooted cutting for each plant species. The results from the study showed a positive response of Bougainvillea spp, Ixora spp and Brunfelsia spp cuttings in the use of polythene dome. Polythene dome showed the highest quality and quantity of leaves and very long sprouts compared to open space. The application of IBA 1000 ppm + NAA 2000 ppm together with polythene dome interactively proved significantly superior in enhancing the rooting of Bougainvillea spp and Ixora spp cuttings. Although there are various materials that can be used for rooting stem cuttings, the use of polythene dome treated with IBA 1000 ppm + NAA 2000 ppm should be promoted for mass propagation of Brunfelsia spp, Bougainvillea spp and Ixora spp cuttings

Introduction: Drowning is a serious and neglected public health threat, annually claiming the lives of 360.000 people worldwide, making it the world’s third leading cause of unintentional injury mortality with the African region contributing 20% of the global drowning mortality burden. In Burundi, the Global Burden of Diseases showed 0.9% of prevalence of drowning raising it on the rank of 17th cause of mortality in 2010. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess factors influencing drowning at Lake Tanganyika: a case study of Rumonge Province, Burundi so as to develop prevention strategies which are applicable based on the actual situation. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted following records from the police and all the registered cases of drowning from January 2014 to December 2019 was reviewed in Rumonge Province. Both quantitative (checklists) and qualitative (key informant interview guide) data collection methods were used. Checklist uploaded in Epi-collect 5 software was used to collect quantitative data on demographic characteristics, activity prior to drowning while reviewing the records from police. The collected quantitative data was entered and cleaned using Epi-data version 3.0, after which it was exported to Stata/SE 15.0 software for analysis. The key informant interviews was recorded during the interview. The recordings were transcribed and analyzed manually to generate themes and sub-themes following multiple reading of interview. Results: Out the 102 cases identified, 92.16% were male and the mean age was 24.17 (SD±10.19). 66.67% of the drowning cases were fishing and for 48.04%, the incident happened during morning (12 AM to12 PM). Also 80.39% incidents happened in the lake while 19.61% happened in the river. It was found that alcohol use and lack of swimming skills among fishermen increased their chances to drown in water whereas for children it was lack of supervision. Then use of lifejackets and children supervision were suggested as prevention strategies. Conclusion: Drowning is a problem on Lake Tanganyika. More effort and strategies are needed in order to reduce drowning events. These includes use of lifejackets and avoid contact with water.

Introduction: The benefit of radiation in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of patients has been of enormous advantage in the treatment of diseases in the health sector. However, the production of scatter radiation by the equipment endangers the operating radiographers by exposing them to an undesired radiation dose. Thus the need for routine monitoring among the radiographers to ensure the dose limits is not exceeded. Aim: The aim of the study was to find out if the radiographers are monitored for their radiation doses in selected 5 hospitals around Kampala i.e. Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kawempe National Referral Hospital, Uganda Cancer Institute, Mengo Hospital and Kiruddu National Referral Hospital. Methodology: The study used a quantitative descriptive study design to collect data from the radiographers about radiation monitoring. Different study tools such as observation and semi structured self-completion questionnaires designed in line with the study were used. The data wasanalyzed using Microsoft excel 2010. Results: There was 100% response rate with 56.7% of the radiographers having thermoluminiscent dosimeters as personal monitoring devices though 40% of these did not actually wear their devices when at department. 50% of the respondents had their devices taken off for reading quarterly and 70% of this had their data from the dosimeters returned back on time. Half of the hospitals had a resident radiation safety officer,60% lacked radiation safety protocols and safety committees and 53.3% of the radiographers expressed satisfaction with the radiation safety protocols in their departments. Conclusion: The studygenerally noted that the personal radiation monitoring among radiographers in the selected hospitals in Kampala did not meet the international and national set guidelines by the Atomic energy council as per the council act of 2008. Laxity among the radiographers to adhere to the safety protocols, inadequate of coverage of radiation safety officers in facilities and infrequencies in collection and returning of the data from the concerned authorities were the notable causes of the inherencies. The concerned authorities should therefore train and retrain radiographers, train and assign for radiation safety officers and improve efficiency in assessment of the radiation safety devices.

The study examines child soldiers/abductees and their criminal liability under International Criminal Law and the Rome Statute. The study looks at the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) as a case study for understanding the liability of child soldiers under the Rome Statute. The general objective of this study was to analyze the criminal liability of child soldiers or former child soldiers in particular those forcefully abducted and conscripted under the International Criminal Law, and justice mechanisms where the law is silent. In this respect, the study sought: to examine the case for criminal prosecution of child soldiers under International Criminal Law; to assess the dilemma of victim-perpetrator in the criminal prosecution of child soldiers under international law; and to examine the possibility of finding a balance between the rights of the child soldier to protection and the rights of the victim to justice. Data was collected through review of relevant documents in the libraries and the internet. A descriptive and qualification method of data analysis was used. The key findings of this study reveal that although International law provides for protection of rights of children during conflict and against conscription, it is silent on their criminal liability. There is overwhelming argument against the idea of blanket immunity of child soldiers under the guise of their involuntary participation and age, arguing for some form of culpability for the horrendous crimes committed during their military participation and find appropriate justice measures to deal with them, preferably restorative justice. The findings also acknowledge that in some ways, the common law criminal liability approach although deals with culpability, falls short of delivering the justice that war victims seek, that is; satisfying both punitive and reparative aspects of justice. The study therefore explored the restorative justice approach and the findings indicate that it is indeed the best alternative to the criminal prosecution, which only seeks to punish the perpetrator without offering any sort of reparation to the victims. Reparation/restorative justice in such complex cases, focuses on child rights protections by putting into consideration the age and method of conscription of these children, which is their abduction and forceful conscription in military combat. The study concluded that since conflict will always form part and parcel of our existence, the use of children will also continue to grow despite various international laws calling for their protection. We shall therefore see former child soldiers, in adulthood being brought before international and national court systems for war crimes and crimes against humanity. This is seen by the precedent set by the trial of Dominic Ongwen. Prudence should thus be taken to find a permanent and standard procedure to deal with former child soldiers accused of horrendous crimes putting into consideration their victimperpetrator status vis-a vis justice for their victims. The recommendations include: i) amendment of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court to set the minimum age for criminal responsibility for war crimes and crimes against humanity at 15 years; ii) qualifying duress as a complete legal defense for child soldiers who were forcefully abducted; iii) provide a clear definition of the aspect of ‘most responsible’ to mean those who are truly in position to make enforceable directives during war; iv) consideration of the child soldiers’ victimization (the victim-perpetrator element) as a mitigating factor in sentencing; and v) use of the restorative justice approach as a mechanism for justice for both victims and perpetrators for long term peaceful resettlement and coexistence of the child perpetrators and their victims.

Ankole is well known for a rich tradition. The oral traditions of the Banyankole are one thing that needs special attention. This study analysed some selected proverbs and the analysis further focused on how irony enriches meaning in these proverbs. Many proverbs in Ankole do not directly suggest meaning, some (if not many) of them have got a component of irony in them. This is exactly what this study sought to analyse. The study was conducted basing on the qualitative methods of data collective and after data was gathered, the analysis of each proverb was done manually. The interview method of data gathering was the most widely used during the field sessions.

The spread of STIs is a burden in developing countries and is majorly due to the failure to practice secure sexual relationships yet safe sex is highly required to be emphasized in order to regulate the associated health problems. The main objective The study focused on the determinants for the negotiation of safe sex among married women in Uganda aged 15-49 Methodology The study used secondary data from the UDHS (2016) women data set and the study sample was 5614 which considered married women in Uganda. Results Wealth index and education level had p-values less than 0.05 implying that they were significantly related to women’s negotiation for safe sex. Conclusion The findings indicated that most of the background characteristics were not statistically related to safe sex negotiation however education level and wealth index had a significant relationship. Negotiation of safe sex is highly hindered by women’s position in society and low levels of women empowerment, many women are not knowledgeable about their rights since most communities are male headed . Recommendations The government should put more effort in the sensitization of people regarding health issues and providing free and accessible health services such as treatment of STIs and free condom such that the risk of unsafe sex are regulated.

This report looks at the influence application of soundtracks has to the performance of mimetic comedy in Kampala. The researcher looked at what mimetic comedy really is and therefore established a basis of defining the term ‘Mimetic comedy.’ The researcher also looked at what inspires the mimetic comedians there is in Kampala while selecting soundtracks for their performances, what inspires their character on stage, the challenges they face in the industry of comedy at large and also what these mimes are doing to overcome these challenges. In addition the researcher looked at the audience’s perspective on mimetic and soundtracks application to mimetic comedy. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to gather the information in this report and it was found out that mimetic comedy in Uganda is still a genre that hasn’t garnered a lot of recognition in terms of the artistes doing it, the only prominent name in the business being Jajja Bruce whose real name is Charles Bruce Ssentongo. Finally the research gives some recommendations to follow if the betterment of mimetic comedy and application of soundtracks to mimetic comedy are to be realised.