Crop discrimination is the basis for vegetation mapping; one of the first steps to crop monitoring and mapping efforts. More specifically, this is used to; characterize, model, classify and map crops, species composition, crop type, biophysical & biochemical properties, disease and stress, nutrient, moisture, crop productivity etc. These changes affect crop reflectance which such that the reflected spectra has differences. Hyperspectral sensors, a new development offers to solve the crude spectral categorization; narrow contiguous bands (1-10nm) sensitive to subtle differences in spectral behavior to attain a higher accuracy. Despite the many studies and comparisons on crop discrimination using hyperspectral imagery for crop discrimination, few studies have been done in Africa, hence this study. Additionally, a selection of bands is needed to solve dimensionality as well as provide optimal data for discrimination. This study offers a comparative study of the performance of hyperspectral (Hyperion) and multispectral (Landsat ETM+ and EO-1 ALI to determine crop discrimination. Crop discrimination was determined using Stepwise Discriminant Analysis, Principal Component Analysis and a correlation study between Hyperion bands to determine redundant bands. From stepwise discriminant analysis, a subset of wavebands is selected to discriminate crops with their variability scores of 61%, 48 and 45% for Hyperion, ALI and Landsat respectively. Principal component analysis generated principal components for wavebands with most lying the 1200-1600nm region. Correlation analysis produces lambda vs lambda plots to all from which bands redundant bands are selected. Classification accuracy is done using Discriminant analysis to using a selection of bands that generate 95% accuracy for Hyperion, 87% for ALI and 85% for ETM+.

The project investigates human EMF exposure in 5G cellular systems in the downlinks through obtaining the range of possible Power Densities and Specific Absorption Rates. To do this, different 5G deployment scenarios (5G UMi, 5G UMa and 5G Indoor) aremodelled and simulated using NYUSIM simulator. Also with the same simulator, a 4G cellular system is modelled and simulated. Different values of the received power at the UEs are obtained and an average at each of the distances is computed. Using the Average Received Power values, Power Density and SAR in each of the scenarios is obtained. A comparison between the 4G and 5G systems is made. Also a check was to find whether the PD and SAR are within the ICNIRP guidelines in terms of SAR and PD. The findings showed that SAR in 5G (especially 5G UMi and 5G indoor) was way higher as compared to 4G. However, the current ICNIRP guideline of not exceeding 2W/kg is for the frequency range of 10-10,000 MHz. No limit in terms of SAR has been set for frequencies higher than this. However, taking this limit into consideration, it was found that this limit is exceeded for close BS-UE separation. Two mitigation protocols were proposed (one for indoor and the other for outdoor) that could help minimize exposure in terms of SAR and also not to exceed a limit of 2W/kg. The indoor protocol is based on power control and the outdoor protocol puts emphasis on SAR shielding. Also the effect of this mitigation on data rates was found which was a slight reduction The results obtained show that there is need for regulations for down links in terms of SAR at higher frequencies such as 28 GHz for outdoor and 60GHz for indoor.

In the building construction industry, labor Unions have numerous challenges over establishing their set goals. This research therefore sought to investigate the challenges of labor unions in the region of Kampala and in addition assess their effectiveness, in particular, to the building construction industry. The labor Union, here in question, is the Uganda Building Construction, Civil Engineering, Cement and Workers’ Allied Union (UBCCECAWU), the researcher opts to correspond to this Union as it the Union directly in link with Workers in the building construction industry. The research was an explanatory research that clarified the challenges of Labor Unions and how they could influence their strategies in the Building Construction Industry. lt was qualitative in nature which aimed at discovering and comparing the challenges of the labor Union in Question with the general Unions. The findings achieved were a representative of respondents’ views from the building construction industry. It sought to preview the challenges of the labor Union in question and suggested solutions on how they could be effective in the industry. The very challenges that the Union face include, the poor sanitation of Unions affairs, poor management, inadequate communication, limited government supports, internal leadership conflicts, the unfamiliarity of the Union, and ease to which they are bribed. Conclusions were obtained corresponding to the feedbacks from chosen respondents; in essence, the Union, UBCCECAWU, was weak in achieving its sole purposes as a union on behalf of the workers in the industry. In other words, to increase their influence in the industry, it is recommended they needed to improve on the general conditions of work at workplaces, initiate proper training scheme or skills, and establish a technical scheme to handle salary/wages, and/or perhaps engage in strikes and picketing

The existence of railway lines is a very beneficial to the public in the country (Kampala- Wakiso, Uganda). They were constructed in a way that do connect different cities to the main city (small towns to big towns) of from one country to another. The Kampala- Wakiso railway line connects most of the small towns alongside the railway making transportation easy for the people to move The main objective was to investigate the effects of rail transport on the land use patterns in Kampala and Wakiso basing on the following specific objectives, to find out people`s opinions on land use alongside railway lines, to examine the property value trends along the railway lines, to assess the contribution of railway transport in boosting and encouraging urban economic development and to determine the challenges facing railway transport in urban Uganda. The research used mixed approach were both qualitative and quantitative research approach with a help of a number of methods. The sample size consisted of local residents of which 70 were selected using the simple sampling. Data was collected by questionnaire. The data was analyzed using excel tables and graphs were drawn using excel. Findings revealed that railway transport has an effect on the land use. The areas that are near the railway lines of the Kampala- Namanve railway are of many land uses which include commercial land use, residential land use, agriculture land use and industrial land use like Nakawa Industrial Park and among others. In addition, trading centers and markets have been set up along the railway lines because of the increased number of people, the railway its self being busy as it connects to different towns to the Kampala city as it is the major in Uganda. It was recommended that more attention should be devoted to predicting, planning, monitoring and assessing the effects of railway. It is recommended that peopled leaving along the railway lines should construct their properties far away from the railway lines and the railway reserve should be kept clear.