As more patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Kenya commence antiretroviral therapy, healthcare workers have made efforts to reach out to populations that are both hidden and more prone to acquiring HIV. One of the aforementioned populations is Male Sex Workers (MSW). This study’s aim was to look into the association between depression and utilisation of HIV infection prevention, treatment and care services in the midst of MSW, who exclusively sell sex to men. This study was conducted among male sex workers at the Coast HIV Resource Centre in Mombasa County. This study was governed by four objectives: to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of MSW at the Coast HIV Resource Centre, to determine the depression status of MSW at the Coast HIV Resource Centre, to describe the utilisation of healthcare services among MSW at the Coast HIV Resource Centre in Mombasa and to determine the relationship between depression status and utilisation of HIV infection prevention, treatment and care services at the Coast HIV Resource Centre in Mombasa. This was a cross-sectional study employing both qualitative and quantitative methods and had 281 respondents. Quantitative data were collected using structured researcher administered questionnaires and data entry done using Epi data 3.0 and exported into SPSS 25.0 for further analysis and presented in tables, pie charts, bar graphs, and prose form. Qualitative data were analysed using NVivo version 12 to categorise and organise information, examine relationships in the data by combining the analysis with linking, searching and modelling. The study observed that most of the respondents were aged 20-24 and the prevalence of clinically significant depression was at 25.4%. (No depression56, Mild depression 118, moderate depression 45, severe depression 14).More than half of the respondents (52.8%) mentioned that health provider attitudes hinder utilisation of HIV infection prevention, treatment and care. This study has found out that fear of stigma, violence and discrimination play a role in preventing male sex workers from accessing health services. Societal stigma may also have a hand discouraging the use of health services due to incidences such as verbal harassment, physical assault and blackmail. The study observed that the respondents experienced stigma from healthcare providers, reinforcing the necessity of mitigation and intervention as regards stigma. Though the prevalence of depression among the respondents was low, the study recommends integration of mental health services to be included in the existing prevention, care and treatment services. This will benefit both their sexual and mental health. This study also recommends the sensitization and training of both government and private healthcare providers on the appropriate ways of providing health services to the MSW population. It further recommends training for police and prison officers who are likely to come in contact with these populations when they are in their custody. This training will be a critical step in not only preventing new infections, but also ensuring that those who are infected with HIV have access to the Corruption is a societal problem that continues to thrive unabated, despite the policy and legislative overdrive against it in Kenya. As a result, the government’s effort to eliminate corruption has been welcomed with lots of cynicism and suspicion. The government has been accused of manifesting insufficient political will in addressing corruption, as demonstrated by the deeply entrenched political impunity in public service. This has led to the capture and manipulation of key state institutions and processes of governance undermining public service delivery and the quality of citizens’ livelihood. The government has therefore lost the credibility to lead the fight against corruption to the Civil Society. Civil Society Organizations depend on external funding to conceptualize and implement anti-corruption projects that include among others compelling the government to fight corruption effectively. This study therefore sought to assess the influence of external funding on the effectiveness of Civil Society Organizations in the fight against corruption, by determining the influence of funding from: (1) International Development Agencies (IDAs) and (2) Foreign Embassies (FEs) on the effectiveness of Transparency International Kenya in the fight against corruption. The study utilized Hegel’s theory on civil society and employed an exploratory research design using Transparency International Kenya as a case study. Both primary and secondary sources of data were utilized. Purposive sampling technique was employed in the collection of primary data, to identify the target population from whom data was gathered through administration of questionnaires and oral interviews. In the analysis of data both quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods were utilized. The study established that there is a positive relation between external funding from both International Development Agencies and Foreign Embassies, and the effectiveness of Transparency International Kenya. For instance, the study established that an increase in funding from IDAs & FEs strengthened and enhanced TI Kenya effectiveness. When TI Kenya had more funds, the study findings showed that the organization’s capacity and ability to undertake more and quality anti-corruption activities was greatly improved. Some of the key anti-corruption activities undertaken by TI Kenya as a result of funding from both IDAs & FEs include; undertaking quality anti-corruption research, support the formulation, review and enforcement of both anti-corruption and accountability related policies and legislations, conduct anti-corruption public awareness campaigns & citizens’ empowerment initiatives, build nascent anti-corruption partnerships, networks & coalitions for collective anti-corruption efforts supporting and strengthening integrity and ethics initiatives in county governance and lastly building internal excellence as an anti-corruption organization. The study concluded by recommending that external funding should continue and should be increased as it plays an important role in enhancing CSOs’ effectiveness in combating graft. In addition, the study recommends the utilization of core funding as the best model for funding CSOs compared to the project funding model. appropriate care and treatment even when in confinement.

The adolescence stage is when a child starts questioning parental rules and may defy them, resulting in conflicts between the two. This statement implies that parental care and love are paramount even as the parent supervises and raises a child at this very stage. The nature of parenting usually determines how a child relates with others and defines their social skills. The main objective of this study was to establish the effects of parenting styles on conduct disorder among the children in the Youth Corrective Training Center and at Kamae Girls Borstal Institution, both situated in Nairobi County for boys and girls, respectively. The researcher applied a correlational research design to undertake this very study. The target population for this study comprised youths aged between 12-22 from the two institutions mentioned above. From the target population of 275 individuals, the researcher picked a sample size of 169, comprising 46 girls and 123 boys. The study collected 143 questionnaires from the 169-sample population. The data was collected using a self-administered and structured questionnaire on conduct disorder and parenting styles. The data was thereafter analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The researcher tested the relationship between conduct disorder and perceived parenting styles using the Chi-square test of independence. The descriptive results identified the permissive style as the most prevalent parenting style, with a mean of 4.45 (SD= 1.08). Authoritative parenting comprised the least used parenting style (M=2.16, SD=1.37) among the respondents’ guardians and parents. Alternatively, the study found that 70 percent of the respondents had varying levels of conduct disorder, with 11 percent having a high probability of having severe conduct disorder. The inferential results revealed a significant relationship between conduct disorder and perceived parenting styles. Also, the study found no significant difference between female and male juveniles the in the two Kamiti youth corrective facilities. Thus, the study concluded that the permissive and authoritarian parenting styles affected children’s conduct disorder development. The study recommended that future studies on the subject matter should consider using experimental research design to ascertain the relationship between conduct disorder and parenting styles. The study also recommended conduct disorder screening at youth correctional facilities, the adoption of an authoritative parenting style among Kenyan parents, and the need for raising awareness of conduct disorder among the youth and Kenya in general.

Moreover, working capital management affects performance linked to the finance of any company, this calls for good control to ensure a balance of performance and the risk of not achieving financial obligation. It is a major cornerstone of effectiveness and efficiency in finance. Hence, the objective of the study was to examine the impacts of working capital control on the financial performance of retail supermarkets in Nairobi County. Resource-based, Agency, and Cash Conversion Cycle theory anchored this study. The research adopted the correlation design of the study. This design intends to accurately and systematically describe a situation or population. The research focused on 13 supermarkets in Nairobi from 2016 to 2021. The information for the study was obtained from the Supermarket reports of finance from 2016-2021. In addition, data was analyzed through SPSS. During data examination, descriptive and inferential examinations were done. From the findings, the inventory turnover ratio has a negative correlation towards the predicted variable as depicted by (r=-0.017, p=0.885) while the account receivable average, account payable average, and liquidity ratio have a positive relation towards the Return on assets. The account receivable average has (r=0.002, p=0.989), account payable average (r=0.145, p=0.204), and liquidity ratio (r=0.435, p=0.000) towards the regressed variable. The diagnostic analysis posted that the dataset met the minimum threshold. Therefore, the enabling variables were free multicollinearity obstruction while autocorrelation and normal posted a normal range. The descriptive statistics gave a factual proposition of average and standard deviation. Moreover, the presentation of the greatest and lowest value explained the range. ROA recorded the lowest value of 0.0294 and the highest of 0.4912. The inventory turnover posted the least value of 2.6358 while a maximum of 8.9021. The account receivable had 3.0741 and 7.3116 for the lowest and highest figures respectively. The account payable recorded the least of 3.2765 and a maximum figure of 4.1925. The computation illustrates that all the chosen predictor variables correlated positively with ROA. It is imperative to present that when all factors remain unchanged, the ROA is negative at 11.3%. In addition, a positive change in the inventory turnover time translates to an increase in ROA by 0.1 when all factors are unchanged. Furthermore, the advancement in a single unit of average accounts receivable causes a positive increase of 0.3% in ROA whenever all factors are kept constant. Furthermore, the increment of a singular unit of average accounts payable translates to a 2.8% increase in ROA, all factors constant. Lastly, a unitary advancement on one unit of liquidity is fundamental for the positive increase in ROA by 62.7% all other determinants held constant. The correlation gave a prompt outlook of the association. The R-value was 0.445 and the R-Square was 19.8% thereby postulating that deviation in ROA was triggered by Liquidity, Inventory Turnover Period, Average Receivable Accounts, and Average Account Payable. The remnant 80.2% relates to varying changes correlated with enablers not factored in the study. The comprehensive inspection should be followed by a forensic accounting mechanism that gives a red alert to the supermarket for going beyond the threshold. This investigation proposes a replicate study that considers the working capital and financial sustainability of manufacturing firms.

News institutions are continually rethinking and redesigning their strategies because of the potentially disruptive effects of social media. The emergence of new media has affected operations of news organizations as well as the manner in which audiences consume news. The debate on the effect of social media on news publication continues amid technological disruptions. Current literature on social media usage in the context of journalism practice has largely delved into use of social media as a means of news gathering or news distribution, and consumption. This study was informed by the following objectives: to assess social media effects on news publication; to examine the adoption of social media on news publication at the Standard Group; and to determine the effects of social media on news publications at the Standard Group. This was a qualitative study with a cross-sectional research design, which sought to determine the effects of social media on news publication at the Standard Group. Key informant interviews were conducted with news staff of the Standard Group who were purposively selected. The sample size of the study constituted of 10 seasonal editors. The Standard Group’s social media policy and the digital/online department documentation of policies, procedures and work instructions were reviewed to obtain information about the effects of social media on news publication. Further, the news institution’s social media sites were analyzed to gain a deeper understanding on use of social networks for news publication. Analysis of qualitative data was done thematically. The data is presented in a narrative description and verbatim quotes. The overall findings of the study show that social media has become a major news source, it has proliferated hate speech and falsity, affected exclusivity in breaking of news, led to content disruption, steered versatility and creativity in news publication, and affected publication of breakings news. Further, the results of the study establishes that the Standard Group has adopted social media primarily to break stories in real time, receive feedback and interact with its content users, post links to stories, preview newspapers, as well as a news platform for production and publication of news. Social media has disrupted news sourcing, processing, and created opportunities for the media house to shift towards a digital newsroom. The study further shows that social media has improved audience experience and given rise to a new structure of work at the Standard Group. This digital media technology has further stirred the need for multimedia journalism at the Standard Group. The study recommends that media institutions and journalists to fact check and verify information they source and process as news from social media platforms.

Safari ya kukamilisha utafiti huu ilikuwa na changamoto si haba, ila nashukuru kwa ushauri, maelekezo na mawazo ya watu mbalimbali. Mchango wao mkubwa ulipunguza changamoto ambazo zilihusiana na utafiti huu. Natoa shukrani zangu kwa Mungu kwa neema yake katika kipindi hiki cha shahada ya uzamili na kuniwezesha kuikamilisha. Kwa neema ya Mungu tuliweza kuikamilisha tasnifu hii. Ningependa kuwashukuru wasimamizi wangu, Dkt. Mukhwana na Prof. Iribe Mwangi kwa kujitolea kwao kusoma na kunipa marekebisho yaliyonifaa si haba katika kukamilisha kazi hii. Walijitolea kwa hali na mali kunielekeza ipasavyo. Walinihudumia kila nilipowahitaji ingawa walikuwa na majukumu si haba chuoni na katika familia zao. Nawashukuru kwa mawaidha na maelekezo yao ya kitaaluma ambayo yalinifaa. Mungu awabariki na awaongezee hekima. Nawashukuru watoto wangu, Javan Miruka, Nethanel Nyangoto na Shanezah Sarange kwa kunivumilia kipindi cha utafiti wangu. Nililazimika kushughulikia utafiti wangu na kuwanyima nafasi ya kutangamana nao hata wakati wa usiku. Nawashukuru ndugu zangu kwa kusimama nami katika kipindi cha utafiti huu. Vile, siwezi kuwasahau rafiki zangu kama vile Ruth Binyanya na Dorca Getonto kwa kunipa moyo hata wakati nilikuwa nimekosa tumaini la kukamilisha tasnifu yangu. Mungu awabariki. Siwezi kuwasahau pia Hellen Bitutu, Ben Nyang’ate, Vanesa Nyang’arisa, Diana Bosibori , Nixon Ntabo na Yvonne sarange kwa msaada wao. Nawatakia maisha mema.

The goal of the study was to identify the factors that contribute to enrolment and dropout rate in adult education programme in Kenya's Kajiado North Sub-county. The specific research questions were: What is the dropout rate in adult education programs in Kajiado North Sub County? What is the completion rate in adult education programs in Kajiado North Sub County? What factors explain the enrollment and the dropout rate of adult education learners in Kajiado North Sub County? Descriptive research design was employed in the study. The target population for the study consisted of adult education students. A random sample of 60 respondents was selected. Data from the survey of adult learners was supplemented with qualitative information from adult education teachers. Descriptive analysis and thematic analysis were used to analyse the data. According to the survey, adult education student enrolment levels have been on the decline, particularly between 2018 and 2020. Due to Covid-19 pandemic, the enrolment rate in 2020 was significantly lower than in previous years. The majority of adults engage in adult education courses in order to improve their life by learning new things and pursuing their aspirations to become better persons in the future. Others signed up for the adult education program because they missed out on the opportunity while they were younger and wanted to empower themselves through education. Financial difficulties, loss of jobs, lack of family support, and juggling family obligations with academic requirements were the main causes of dropouts. The study recommends that all the stakeholders in adult education should encourage adults to enroll by creating a conducive and enabling learning environment in all learning centers.

Elections have been the main mechanism through which contemporary representative democracy has operated, and leaders anywhere tend to use the popular vote to accomplish a standard of political legitimacy. But to get this legitimacy, leaders first have to go through a process of intense political mobilization and lobbying with an aim of marketing themselves and their parties. This study sought to establish the influence of political party marketing on electoral outcome in Nairobi City County with a keen focus on Lang’ata and Makadara constituencies. The study adopted the mobilization theory and used a descriptive research design. The population of the study consisted of voters, party officials, and campaign managers of members of parliament. A questionnaire was employed as a data collection instrument where 96 respondents were interviewed. The data collected was coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 23.0). The analysis revealed three things, a) voters, especially the young ones, are more inclined to vote for politicians or political parties that carried out extensive political party advertising in the period leading to the general election. b) there is a positive and statistically significant correlation between the political campaign budgets and the electoral outcome. c) political rallies play a big role in swaying voters more so the undecided ones and the more you have these rallies the better. The study concluded that even though the influence of political party marketing is difficult to scientifically quantify, at least one set of regular political rallies, party advertising, and higher campaign budget usually have a measurable effect on electoral outcome. The study recommends that more scientific studies should be done to determine the actual and the longevity of the effect.

The study focused on the primary objective which was to investigate influence of National Hospital Insurance Fund on access to healthcare in Kenya. The specific three objectives were to establish the influence of National Hospital Insurance Fund policy choices by members on access to healthcare in Kenya, to assess the contribution of various National Hospital Insurance Fund policy products on access to healthcare in Kenya, to investigate National Hospital Insurance Fund policy implementation challenges impeding universal access to healthcare in Kenya. The mixed methodology design was adopted and was used to collect qualitative and quantitative data. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used to enter and analyze data from the participants and respondents drawn from the National Hospital Insurance Fund administrators and members of National Hospital Insurance Fund. The findings showed that National Hospital Insurance Fund policy choices by members, National Hospital Insurance Fund policy products and National Hospital Insurance Fund policy implementation challenges have significant influence on access to healthcare. The conclusion of the study was that members of National Hospital Insurance Fund were satisfied with the policy choices available, and the policy products provided compared to when they were not members even though the coverage was not comprehensive in all categories available, and the study acknowledged that there were challenges affecting implementation of National Hospital Insurance Fund. The studies recommended that National Hospital Insurance Fund to strengthen its choices and products covered and communicate appropriately to ensure that members have their coverage extended to comprehensive level. The study also recommended further examination on National Hospital Insurance Fund policy through a public process on mechanisms to ensure zero defaults and that every Kenyan becomes a subscriber by focusing on reviewing of terms and conditions and studies on National Hospital Insurance Fund should be carried out on role of other factors such as the culture and religion on National Health Insurance.

This study seeks to examine how Beyond The Limit weekly TV magazine reports on disabilityrelated issues and Persons Living With Disability (PLWDs) in Kenya. Agenda setting and framing theories suggest that TV viewers are affected by the content they consume and this could lead to creation of stereotypes, beliefs, perceptions and attitudes on various issues. This study uses qualitative research method with the population being Beyond The Limit TV program. Nonprobability purposive sampling was adopted as the sampling technique and a sample size of 6 months ranging from July 2021 to December 2021. These months account when most disability activities are marked both at national and international level. Narrative analysis was conducted on the data and presented in words. Findings showed that the program employs use of code-switching, that is, use of multiple languages that include English, Kiswahili, Kenyan Sign Language and even part of sheng. This is due to the youthful audience the TV47 has. However, much needs to be done to include a PLWDs as a host to show inclusivity. Conclusions drawn from this study show that Beyond The Limit TV program revolved around PLWDs and gave them a chance to air their plights and concerns. This has contributed towards having positive experiences in the society where PLWDs are treated equally through change of negative perception and attitude. This study recommends that Beyond The Limit TV program should make its content more accessible. Sign language interpreters and subtitles should be used exhaustively to reach a wider audience. This study is purposed to add to existing literature on media representation on PLWDs and disability issues in their effort to strike balance in their journalistic practice.