Despite the enactment of an elaborate framework to regulate the handling of used lead-acid batteries in Kenya, the country has witnessed numerous cases of lead poisoning and pollution stemming from the handling of these batteries leading to serious health complications, loss of lives and property and, significant degradation of the environment. This study sought to examine why handlers of used lead-acid batteries in Kenya are unable to prevent and mitigate cases of lead pollution and poisoning arising from the collection, transportation, disposal and recycling of used lead-acid battery despite the existence of a robust regulatory framework. Specifically, the study sought to identify the obstacles that hinder compliance with regulatory obligations relating to the handling of used lead-acid batteries. The study was conducted under the rationalist compliance theory which provides a basis for firms’ compliance with laws and is a valuable optic for observing and comprehending behavior that drives compliance as well as reasons for those behaviors. The study was conducted using a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative aspects of the study were based on a survey of 5 scrap metal dealers and 22 motor vehicle owners in Viwandani ward in Makadara sub-county of Nairobi City within the Republic of Kenya. The qualitative aspect was based on in-depth interviews with key informants from the National Environment Management Authority in Kenya and with key informants from the Associated Battery Manufacturers Limited, the only licensed enterprise by the National Environment Management Authority to recycle used lead acid batteries. A content analysis of the legal framework governing the recyling of used lead-acid batteries was also conducted to identify any gaps in the framework. The data collected was edited, coded, classified and tabulated in an excel sheet in preparation for analysis. The analysis was then presented in the form of pie-charts. The results revealed that awareness of the regulatory obligations and technological constraints constitute the greatest obstacles to the compliance with regulatory obligations relating to the handling of used lead-acid batteries. Inadequate enforcement also seems to play some role in noncompliance. In addition, the regulatory framework governing the handling of used lead-acid batteries, does not extend the responsibility of manufacturers of used lead-acid batteries to collect and recycle the batteries. Further, the framework does not contain any provision that would encourage or motivate consumers of lead-acid batteries to collect and return the batteries to the manufacturer or a recycler. The national environment management authority pursuant to its mandate under section 9(2)(m) of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999 may wish to consider developing and rolling-out a programme to sensitize handlers of used leadacid batteries such as scrap metal dealers, owners of motor vehicles and recyclers of used leadacid batteries about the hazards of these batteries as well as environmentally sound ways of collecting, transporting, disposing and recycling of the ULABs. Secondly, since environmental regulatory programs typically require significant capital expenditures for technologically complex..............

This research looks at youth identities in an urbanizing and ethnically fragmented society like Kenya. The objective of the research is to see whether ethnic identities are constructed by circumstance and are not innate and fixed. The justification for the research is to explore a new approach to nationalism that is grounded on an overarching and unifying philosophy that transcends ethnic identities. The research was informed by the constructionist theory of ethnic formation which asserts that human beings construct their identities contrary to the primodialist thinking that ethnic identities are innate and determined. The research used secondary data from a youth survey conducted by the Agha Khan East African institute. The Youth survey had adopted a descriptive survey design that used face to face interviews. The survey interviewed 1,800 respondents from every region in Kenya. Sample sizes per region were calculated by application of the population proportion size method using Kenya 2009 census figures. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The researcher sought permission from the Agha Khan East African Institute to use their data. Findings showed that environment in urban and rural Kenya are quite different especially in the amounts and quality of information the youth are exposed to. The study also found that the youth identify themselves variously as Kenyans, young people, children of God/Allah, by family and tribe in that order. These findings are consistent with the constructionist theory that identities are constructed. The findings also infer that a national identity can be constructed through public policy. The study urges the Kenyan government to use deliberate socialization policies to inculcate a sense of nationalism by using narratives that transcend ethnic identities.

This study aims to establish the relationship between public sector corruption and government expenditure in Kenya. Whereas it is widely agreed in literature that corruption is a constraint to economic development and economic growth, the link between public expenditure and corruption is widely ignored especially in Kenya. The main focus of previous studies has been to link corruption to economic growth or public expenditure to economic growth. By recognizing that corruption influences budgetary composition and it targets sectors that are susceptible to high bribes, this study answers the question of how corruption influences public expenditure. We use a case study of Kenya because on average, it is the 23rd most corrupt country in the world as per Transparency International statistics that range from 1998 to 2017. Equally public expenditure is on the rise. Using time series data that ranges between 1984 and 2016, we analyze six long-run regression models where expenditure in education, defense/military, health, social protection, infrastructure and energy are dependent variables. Corruption, rate of urbanization, government expenditure, real GDP and tax income are used as explanatory variables. We conclude that corruption influences general public expenditure in Kenya. In addition, education and infrastructure sectors are significantly affected by corruption. Other sectors (energy, health, social and defense) are only influenced positively by corruption but this effect is not significant. These results are affirmed by an alternative long-run model, ARDL.

The management of strategic change undertaken by companies improves service delivery quality and impact. In order to minimize environmental change, institutions continue to restructure their methods. Organizations want to maintain their strategy and structure because they are resistant to change. Organizational transformation finds better options to use skills and resource to boost the company's productive capacity and increase stakeholder return. The study's overall goal was to determine the impact of change management methods on service delivery in Nairobi County, Kenya, for logistics companies. Porter's theory and the Service Quality Theory were used in this research.. Cross-sectional design was adopted in this study. This research focused on 100 logistics companies in Nairobi. The survey's intended audience consisted of company presidents and CEOs. Multiple linear regressions and correlation analyses were used to conduct a thorough evaluation. According to the findings, logistics companies have adopted a significant amount of diversification and innovation strategy but only a small amount of differentiation and focus strategy. The research found a link between service delivery and change management practices. There is a strong correlation between change management tactics and the quality of service, hence the study model used is important. According to the findings of the research, the firm should have policies and processes that encourage significant employee involvement, comprehension, and dedication to the company's vision, purpose, and goals.

This project examines the extent JSC complies with the procedure of initiating the removal of judges while observing the administrative principles under the Constitution of Kenya. The study makes two arguments: the first argument is although JSC has the constitutional mandate to initiate the removal of judges, nevertheless, the removal procedure is inconsistent and fragmented because of inadequate Regulations under the JSC Act, 2011 which makes it difficult to discern the standard of proof. The second argument is although constitutional scholars and Commonwealth courts hold that the standard of proof is imperative in the removal of judges, nevertheless, JSC holds itself as a constitutional commission that is unbound by administrative rules because its role is to analyze the complaints on a preliminary inquiry and the standard of proof is inapplicable. By reviewing case law, legislative and institutional framework, this study uses JSC`s example to illustrate the nexus between fair administrative action and constitutional commission. It demonstrates that as a constitutional commission, JSC is bound by rules of administrative action, considering that to be heard and given written reasons, is a constitutional right and a legal requirement under the Fair administrative Action Act, 2015. The existing literature failed to critically interrogate the form and substance in the ousting of judges from office. In particular, failed to evaluate the place of administrative justice principles in the removal of judges from office by JSC. This study builds on existing knowledge in the area of Fair Administrative Actions involving Constitutional Commissions.

Human Trafficking and activities around it are an ancient global problem. The menacing challenges of this vice are felt by all countries worldwide. Classified under one of the core threats that is dehumanizing, trafficking in human beings is a heinous breach of rights of individual persons which impacts individuals from all over the world, regardless of location, ethnicity, or religion. This study examines human Trafficking's influence on public safety in Africa: an example of the Kenya-Uganda Busia border. The study will be driven by three key objectives to investigate the factors underlying the growing instances of African human Trafficking, to examine and analyze the implications of human Trafficking on human security in Kenya Uganda Busia border, and finally to evaluate the efficacy of the existing In Kenyan a legislative framework in place to address human trafficking as well as its consequences for public safety. As a result, the modern slavery hypothesis was used to analyze the data in this study. To do this, the study will use a hybrid research approach that incorporates both qualitative and quantitative research designs. Furthermore, both primary and secondary data sources were used. To analyze qualitative data, content analysis was used. Microsoft Excel and SPPS were used to analyze quantitative data. From the first objective, the findings of the study were that the rampant Trafficking of persons in the African continent has been contributed by various factors, both internal and external. The findings point to poverty as the main element that has resulted in increased human Trafficking. Human Trafficking has become the norm along the Kenya-Uganda border, with severe consequences for their lives as they are subjected to physical and emotional torture. The constitution is part of the current legislative framework in place to prevent human trafficking. The Counter-Trafficking Act of 2010 was enacted to aid in Kenya’s fight against the vice of trafficking persons and along its borders. The government has also domesticated the East Africa Counter-Trafficking Protocol as well as the United Nations Palermo Protocol as domesticated in Kenya. The efficacy of the existing legal framework was also discussed, and the findings of the study point out several challenges like corruption that have hindered the current legal framework from helping to eradicate human trafficking. Human Trafficking remains high along the Kenya-Uganda Busia border despite the existence of these legal documents. The study recommends strengthening the existing legal framework to ensure they are compelling enough to combat human trafficking in the Kenya-Uganda Busia border. Further, there is a need to put in place a counseling center specifically for those affected by human Trafficking who undergo a lot upon their return. The government should offer safe havens where they can speak out and get counseling services.

This study examines Kenya’s style of regulating virtual currencies and their attendant transactions. It proposes that the adoption of regulative and legislative precepts will be ultimately beneficial for Kenya’s fiscal market. The study explores the legal features and taxonomical approaches to classifying virtual currencies. It undertakes a benchmarking approach by exploring styles of regulating virtual currencies by other States noting challenges to be learned from and positive regulative highlights to be emulated by Kenya. This study proposes that stifling the growth of virtual currency use in Kenya is not beneficial to its economy and will only make virtual currencies attractive to criminal schemers and masterminds. The study provides reasons why Kenya should dedicate its resources to research and comprehend virtual currency transactions to come up with regulatory measures that will strengthen and improve the economic status of its economy. The study suggests that Kenya should recognize virtual currencies as mediums of payment for purposes of regulation. The study also points out the fact that virtual currency businesses and transactions could be a source of revenue for the country to tap into. It further suggests that proactively regulating virtual currencies by enacting new laws or amending existing laws will make the currency attractive to law-abiding citizens who wish to transact in virtual currency.

The concept of work place diversity and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCB) are associated with human resource management in organizations. A number of management and development studies have succeeded and ended up documented on the challenges and problems impacting most institutions in Africa region including in Kenya. To gain or sustain competitive advantage and excellent management, most organizations have reorganized, merged with like-minded firms, evaluated, re-designed, enforced total quality control plans and adopted diversity management systems with the aim of promoting their organizational citizenship behaviors. This research aimed to establish the effects of workplace diversity management on organizational citizenship behaviors among employees in registered dairy production firms in Kenya. A descriptive cross-sectional survey approach was utilized in this investigation. The target population were 23 firms which were registered with Kenya Dairy Board targeting 703 participants and narrowed down to 255.The sample population from each site was determined using a stratified proportional sampling approach. In order to participate in this study, a random sample proportionate to the participant's cadre was chosen. Data7 collected7 was7 coded7 and7entered in a computer and verified with the use of a Microsoft Excel software to ensure correctness and completeness. For analysis Social Science Statistical Package, SPSS-software version 23, was used. The characteristics of the respondents and their replies to each question were described in descriptive7 statistics7 (frequencies, mean7 and7 percentages). The data was then presented by tables, graphs and discussion of the results. The study employed inferential statistics by adopting a7 simple7 regression7 analysis7 to7 test7 the7 link7 between7 the7variables. The study found that the employees agreed that their firms had ensured the following in workplace diversity to a moderate extent. The study further found that the firms had ensured the following in enhancing organizational citizenship behaviors to a moderate extent. The study concluded that the dairy firms had not enhanced organizational citizenship behaviors effectively in their firms. The study also concluded that the dairy firms had not ensured effective practices on workplace diversity. A statistically significant positive relationship was found between the workplace diversity components (collaborations and team work, creativity and innovation, employee engagement and supportive work environment and different perspectives) and organizational citizenship behaviors among employees of registered dairy production firms in Kenya. The study recommends that, with professionalism, dairy companies may encourage their staff to embrace goodwill at work, ensuring that teamwork spirit is embraced at all service delivery level aimed at enhancing organizational citizenship behaviors. Management of dairy companies have a responsibility to ensure that their workers are well trained and given the opportunity to be innovative. This can be enhanced through offering scholarships as motivational rewards. The importance of rules and regulations in the workplace cannot be overstated. As a result, dairy companies have a responsibility to guarantee that self-control and discipline are observed at work by adhering to the organizations' established norms and regulations. The importance of attendance and work performance cannot be overstated. Dairy companies should encourage their casual employees to work in pleasant locations, since this will improve their productivity.

Kenya's subsector of tea was confronted with a difficult macroeconomic climate, including interest-rate capping in August 2016 and reversed in 2019. Other macroeconomic issues affecting the industry include: rising price levels, unpredictability in interest rates, and fluctuation in exchange rates. The Kenyan currency has been on a consistent decline over the last decade and this might have an impact on the performance of the tea sub-sector. In addition, the country inflation levels have also fluctuated significantly. These adverse macroeconomic trends may lead to serious difficulties with the expansion of the tea subsector. The objective of this study was to determine the impact that selected macro-economic variables have on the growth of the tea sub-sector in Kenya. Exchange rates, interest rates, the unemployment rate, and inflation were all considered independent factors in this study. The response variable that the researchers attempted to explain was the growth of the tea subsector.The data was collected on a quarterly basis over a period of ten years (from January 2011 to December 2020). A descriptive research approach was employed in the study, with a multiple linear regression model used to examine the connection between the study variables. The data were analyzed using Statistical Packages version 24. The study's findings yielded an R-square value of 0.526, indicating that the chosen independent variables could explain 52.6 percent of the variance in the teasub-sector's growth in Kenya, while the remaining 47.4 percent was due to other factors not investigated in this study. The independent factors exhibited a significant relationship with tea sub-sector growth (R=0.725), according to the research. The F statistic was noteworthy at a 5% level with a p=0.000, according to the findings of the ANOVA. This suggests that the model was adequate for explaining tea sub-sector growth. Further, the findings revealed that exchange rate and unemployment rate were significant determiners of the tea sub-sector growth and they had a negative influence. Interest rates and inflation had a negative, although statistically insignificant, impact on tea sector growth. The study recommends that there is need to manage the current levels of unemployment since they have a major impact on tea sub-sector growth. Policy makers should also stabilize the existing levels of exchange rates as a depreciation of the currency adversely affects tea subsector growth.