The study investigated the effect of foreign direct investment on agricultural output in Somalia. The study utilized time-series secondary data sourced from the World Bank Indicators and the United Nations Data website, SESRIC, the Central Banks of Somalia, and the IMF between 1970 and 2020. The study adopted “Cobb-Douglas production function” to estimate the effect of FDI on agricultural output in Somalia. Before estimation, the augmented Dickey-Fuller test was used to make sure that the data was stationary. The study employed the ARDL model to evaluate the co-integration approach for estimating long-run and short-run associations and dynamic interaction between the variables. FMOLS and DOLS were also used in the research to figure out how sensitive and stable the long-run characteristics were. The result of the Johansen cointegration analysis showed the presence of three cointegrating equations in the long-run dynamics. The correlation findings demonstrate that the variables possessed a correlation coefficient that was higher than the threshold of 0.8. The major regression findings of this study show that all explanatory variables' outcomes from all applied models (ARDL, DOLS, and FMOLS) have a strong positive relationship with agriculture output in Somalia. All the study's three models' coefficients are positive, and all their t-statistics are statistically significant and greater than the 5% critical value. In the short term, Somalia's agricultural output is positively affected by all the estimated explanatory variables in this study. The study suggests that, to enhance the sustainability of the country's economic growth, the government should create sufficient investment incentives to stimulate foreign investment in the agriculture sector's development process.

By bringing previously unreached groups into the realm of formal financial activity, Islamic microfinance is well positioned to boost the total market share of Islamic banking and finance. Due to the various political, religious, economic, and legal settings in which Islamic microfinance products operate, these products each have a unique goal as well as a unique set of goods and services to provide their customers. To further the cause of social justice within Islam, each incorporates a set of guiding principles (whose ways of interpretation and application may be found throughout a spectrum). Risk sharing, mutual help, and asset- or equity-backed rather than debt-backed transactions are all encouraged, as well as the ban of riba and the reduction or elimination of undue uncertainty and gambling. Further, contracts based on mutual understanding are deemed crucial by these guidelines. This study's goal is to analyze the effect that Islamic microfinance products have on the growth of Islamic SMEs in Nairobi County. The study was organized as a descriptive survey from start to finish. The statements of Islamic financial institutions were mined for secondary data including specific information on Islamic financing throughout the course of a five-year period, covering the years 2017-2022 specifically. The SPSS computer software analysis tool was used in order to do data analysis, which resulted in the generation of both inferential and descriptive statistics. The data was then presented using averages, variances, percentages, and tables. We utilized the F test to establish overall model significance, and the T tests to check whether or not each coefficient was statistically significant. To do so, a comparative examination of financial performance shifts across the study period was carried out. Study results showed a positive correlation between using Islamic microfinance products and the growth of Islamic SMEs (ISMEs). The performance of Islamic microfinance products was analyzed and explored using a regression model. The study's results suggest that those who use microfinance programs grounded on Islamic principles have higher rates of economic success. The independent variables that were investigated accounted for a significant 57.4% of the variance in financial performance, while other factors that were not taken into account for the research accounted for the remaining 42.6% of the variance. The research suggests that Kenyan Islamic banking should be developed further, which would be beneficial to the economy of Kenya. In addition, the report recommends a legal framework be established to enhance the industry's regulations. This indicates that both the Banking Act and the Central Bank Act need to be changed in order to combine Islamic banking ideas.

Land has long been shrouded in conflicts and misunderstanding in Kenya, this has led to differed opinions on the subject. The purpose of this research project is to examine the gender gaps in systems of land ownership in relation to food security in Kenya. The problem is the fact that while women are hugely depended on to produce food the very commodity that is crucial in food production has evaded their grasp, Land. The study used these theories to analyze data; the Marxism feminism, Socialism feminism and the Sarah Longwe framework. The study methodology is a desktop review covering various literature and research work done by other scholars, other sources are from reports done by Kenya national bureau of statistics. In conclusion the study observes that more studies be carried out not just in Kenya but also in other countries to truly find ways to mitigate the gender gaps in Land ownership in order to ensure better systems and improve food security. The study establishes that despite the progression in our laws especially our constitution 2010 and the Marriage act of 2012 we have failed to implement the same. The study also finds that the various traditions within the Kenyan communities have oppressed women seeing them as unworthy to inherit land since women are married off and they can go and inherit land in their husband’s home. The study also established that poverty was both a determinant and contributor of women's access to land and eventually their tenure security. Lastly the study established that the political temperatures has broadly remain patriarchal with lawmakers mainly being men and not being very keen to make pro-women laws. The study recommends more training for women, incorporation of women rights laws in education materials in both primary and secondary level, reaching out to community elders as custodians of customs to enlighten and encourage them to abandon patriarchal practices and for women to be economically empowered to enable stand up for their rights more. URI http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/153622 Publisher University of Nairobi Subject Food Security In Kenya Rights Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States Usage Rights http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ Collections Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, Law, Business Mgt (FoA&SS / FoL / FBM) [24362] The following license files are associated with this item: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United StatesExcept where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States Useful Links

To overcome savings gap, developing nations have continued to acquire massive foreign loans. Managing and repaying massive inventories of external loans has presented hurdles and problems in developing countries, Kenya inclusive. When employed in productive sectors, borrowed funds from other economies can help a country stimulate its economic growth. However, mismanagement or excessive consumption can lead to growth retardation. The study sought to examine effects of external debt on economic growth in Kenya. This was achieved by analyzing annual time series secondary data from 1970 to 2018. The motivation behind the study is that Kenya has been heavily relying on foreign borrowings to fund its annual fiscal deficits and infrastructural development. Financing fiscal deficit through foreign borrowing has raised Kenya’s debt load, increasing worries about its sustainability. The study adopted ARDL bound cointegration test in which long-run link amongst variables was established. Consequently, ARDL-ECM model was used to carry out empirical estimation and its outcome yielded a valid long-run relationship between the variables utilized. The findings revealed that external debt stock has positive effects while external debt services have negative effects on Kenyan economic growth. In addition, both variables significantly affect economic growth. The study concludes that external debt has positive contribution to economic growth in Kenya. Furthermore, the study proposes that the government guarantee that loans are routed towards productive sectors, diversify the economy to permit greater income generation, stimulate capital formation, and acquire debts in essential capital areas when needed.

In a business context which is marked by rivalry that is intense, advancements of technology rapidly and rivalry for prospective customers, a demand is growing for profit-oriented organizations to craft strategies that are competitive in order to attain competitiveness relative to its rivals and guarantee performance that is superior. For long, manufacturing companies in the pharmaceuticals industry in Kenya have traded in an adverse business context that is volatile. The cutthroat dynamics have consequently led to a majority of manufacturing firms in the pharmaceuticals industry losing their proportion of the market, volume of sales, production cost and profitability. they have consequently resorted to adopt strategies aimed at building their competitive positions in comparison to rival firms with a view to endure competition and outperform rivals. It is unexplored however, how these strategies that are competitive adopted, predict performance thereof. This study endeavored to fill this gap by ascertaining how strategies that are competitive influence manufacturing firms.in the pharmaceuticals industry in Nairobi Metropolitan Area, influence performance. A cross-sectional design was taken in this study and the target population comprised relevant departmental heads concerned with business, strategy development or their matches, from the 35 manufacturing firms in the pharmaceuticals industry in Nairobi Metropolitan Area. Due to the considerably small target population, a census survey was adopted, by which all manufacturing firms in the pharmaceuticals industry in Nairobi Metropolitan Area were selected in the study. Gathering of primary information was conducted by use of a structured questionnaire. Computations of both inferential and descriptive statistics were then conducted. Results show that performance is at 95% confidence level influenced significantly by focus strategy (β = .315, Sig.=.049<.05), strategy of differentiation (β = .286, Sig.=.043<.05) and cost leadership (β = .355, Sig.=.018<.05). It is concluded in the study that cost leadership, focus and differentiation strategies have an effect which is significant and positive on performance of pharmaceuticals industry’s manufacturing firms in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area. The study thus recommends that manufacturing firms in the pharmaceuticals industry that seek to achieve performance that is superior ought to adopt as strategies that are competitive, cost leadership, strategy of differentiation and strategy of focus.

Public relations is very relevant in institutions today since it has become the most powerful tool to express the image of an institution to the public community. This study sought to assess the public relations activities by the Public Affairs and Communication Unit in reputation management of the Kenya Judiciary.. The study objectives were to: determine the public relations activities used by PACU in managing the reputation of the Kenya Judiciary; analyze the public relations message strategies used by the Public Affairs and Communication Unit in managing reputation of the Kenyan Judiciary; establish the perception and attitudes of Judges, clerks and advocates towards the public relations strategies employed by the Public Affairs and Communication Unit in managing reputation of the Kenyan Judiciary; and to assess the contributions of the Judicial officers and staff in managing the reputation of the Judiciary. The study was grounded on Excellence Theory and Legitimacy Theory This was a qualitative study focused on gaining opinions and perception of audiences on public relations and reputation management of the judiciary in Kenya. The target population was 12 employees at the Public Affairs and Communication Unit of the judiciary and 15 key informants drawn from Judges, clerks and advocates at the Milimani Law Courts. For the employees at the Public Affairs and Communications Unit, a census was used which entailed studying the whole population of 12, while for judges, clerks and advocates at the Milimani Law courts, purposive sampling was used to draw a sample of 15 key informants. Semi-structured interview guide was the main tool for collecting data. Narrative technique was used to analyze the data. The output was presented using themes and paragraphs, obtained from the inductive analysis of the information obtained from the interviews. The study found that key PR activities included publicity/press releases, good media relations, the use of judiciary emails and handles as well as Corporate Social Responsibility They study recommends that the PR office be properly structured and that they should strategize to engage more in proactive activities so as to help manage the Reputation of the Judiciary.

The study's goal was to determine how country of origin affected consumer brand equity of baby diapers in Nairobi, Kenya. The consumer-based brand equity theory and utility theory served as the study's guiding principles. A descriptive research design was used in this study. The intended audience was those who visited the corresponding estate Kiosks in Nairobi County to purchase diapers. The target sample size was 99.997 rounded to 100 respondents. During a one-week period, a questionnaire employed at the time of diaper purchase was used to collect main data for the study. The gathered data was evaluated using descriptive and inferential statistics. The data reported in this study included both qualitative and quantitative information. The results were presented using tables, figures, frequencies and rates. Multiple linear regressions were utilized to demonstrate the influence of nation of origin and the customer brand equity of baby diapers in Nairobi County. The study findings established that the respondents concurred that they can easily picture in their mind the diaper brand of their choice. The analysis also found that the respondents largely agreed that they would repeatedly use their diaper brand of choice. It also established that the packaging of the diaper brand is of high quality. The study found that at 5% level of significance and 95% level of confidence, country product quality, country image, and country perceptions were all significant on consumer brand equity of baby diaper in Nairobi, Kenya. The study concluded that the respondents check to confirm the country of origin of the baby diaper. The study also concluded that the respondents prefer buying foreign diaper brands, that their diaper brand of choice offers excellent value for money, and that their diaper brand of choice is a favourite brand among consumers. The study suggests that in order to draw in potential customers, diaper manufacturing businesses and marketers should concentrate on employing all the components of brand equity in their plans in target areas. It also recommends that diaper manufacturing companies and marketing managers to set aside enough budgets to promote these elements of brand equity and ensure they are well covered and established in the target market to realize the benefits. The extension of use of diaper products especially in healthcare has also created a different market and it would improve this study to include this new market in future studies in addition to babies. Further, the study proposed there be a deliberate consistent effort by diapers marketers to enhance customer based brand equity. Manufacturers of diapers should be aware that well-known brands often fail owing to poor management, overextension, and a lack of commitment in building brand equity and values.

The service delivery sector has been characterized by the fact that most of the services provided in the country are government controlled. For example basic education is provided only by the government, so most factors that lead to service delivery improvements are either institutional or policy interventions that can be applied within public sector. The public sector has influence on service consumption and delivery due to its monopoly over resources that enables it to deliver goods, services and various facilities according to requirements within a limited scope. Devolution policy in Kenya is intended to create more local autonomy and economic opportunity for the people of Kenya. The devolution policy was created to expand and strengthen governance through enhanced fiscal authority, improved local service delivery and increased budgeting flexibility at the Kenyan Government level. This study evaluates impact of devolution policy on water service delivery at Samburu Water and Sanitation Company. The research objectives examined influence of public participation, devolved units and accountability on water service delivery at Samburu Water and Sanitation Company. The study was anchored on Institutional theory. Descriptive research was used. The study sample size was senior managers, middle managers, supervisors, and support personnel were included among respondents. Both descriptive and inferential analysis were done. The study used census technique. The analyzed data was presented in the form of figures and tables to facilitate explanation and understanding of the research findings. The study results revealed a positive and significant relationship between devolved units and water service delivery at SAWASCO, implying that increasing. The inferential findings demonstrated that public participation positively and significantly affects water service delivery at Samburu Water and Sanitation Company. The results show that an increase in accountability practices leads to improved water service delivery at Samburu Water and Sanitation Company. The study also recommends that the management of at SAWASCO and county government should focus more on devolved units practices such as releasing funds for water projects on schedule, curb financial fraud, allocate enough funds to water projects and recruit competent staffs as this will enable the company to achieve its set water service delivery targets and results. Another suggestion made by the study is that in order for SAWASCO to improve the quality of their water service delivery, more attention needs to be paid to strengthening accountability practices, such as ensuring that county project managers are open to public scrutiny and accountability questions and that county finance manager are willing to participate in fiscal audits and accountability.

The cumulative funding received by Kenyan NGOs plummeted to roughly 70 per cent from 95% thereby leading to closure of NGO programs and total disruption of beneficiary support services. This situation has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic which made the donor community to become wary of releasing donations. NGOs in Kisumu County have encountered additional challenges such as; poor fund management, poor financial reporting, inadequate capacity building and unethical practices targeting the beneficiaries. Consequently, this investigation sought to determine the nexus between corporate governance and financial sustainability of non-governmental organizations in Kisumu County, Kenya. The findings of this investigation may be beneficial to board of management in various NGOs in highlighting the prominence of corporate governance and its related relationship to financial sustainability. This investigation focused on the agency theory, transaction cost theory and the stewardship theory. Several studies were reviewed and they elicited gaps in the methods, contexts and concepts. This investigation espoused a correlational research design. The research targeted 650 director/managers of registered and active NGOs in Kisumu County. Krecjie and Morgan (1970) formulation was used to sample 242 respondents. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for primary data while an information gathering form was used to collect secondary data. Cronbach’s alpha of 0.87 was obtained confirming reliability. The investigation adopted Pearson’s correlation and simple linear regression for analysis. A correlation coefficient of 0.368 was obtained indicating a positive correlation for the nexus between transparency and financial sustainability. The F calculated value of 24.764 was greater than the f critical value of 3.89, and the resulting equation was; Y=2.333+0.4X1. A correlation coefficient of 0.235 was obtained signifying a positive correlation for the nexus between accountability and financial sustainability. The F calculated value of 11.139 was greater than the f critical value of 3.89, and the resulting equation was; Y=3.011+0.207X2. A correlation coefficient of 0.483 was obtained signifying a positive correlation for the nexus between security and financial sustainability. The F calculated value of 58.081 was greater than the f critical value of 3.89, and the resulting equation was; Y=2.135+0.473X3. In conclusion, there exists a positive and significant nexus between corporate governance and financial sustainability of non-governmental organizations in Kisumu County, Kenya. The research recommends the espousal of people, purpose, performance and progression in implementing any initiative that enhances accountability within the NGOs. This investigation recommends the embracing of transparency policies by NGOs to ensure that there is a structure to be followed when implementing openness and effective communiqué. This analysis recommends the embracing of modern risk assessment systems in the NGOs to help the managers and directors enhance security