This study investigated the effects of video programmes utilization on standard two pupils science achievement in Dagoretti district, Nairobi county. The objectives of this study were: To examine the effect of level of integration of video programmes into lessons by the teachers on class two pupils achievement in science, To determine the relationship between the time allocated for using video programmes and class two pupils achievements in science and to find out whether there was significant difference in science achievement of pupils who were taught using traditional method of teaching with integration of video programmes and those who were taught using traditional method of teaching without the integration of video programmes in science lessons. The study was informed by the cognitive theory of multimedia learning by Mayer (1997) and constructivist theory of Bruner (1970).Descriptive survey design was employed. The sample size comprised of six schools, six class two teachers and thirty, class two pupils. Both purposive and simple random sampling technique was used to identify the respondents. Questionnaires and validated research –made achievement test was used for data collection. Statistical tools used to treat the data were; mean, and standard deviation. The data was presented in form of tables, charts and graphs. The study established that class two pupils who were taught using an integration of video programmes had higher scores in science as compared to those who were taught using traditional methods only. In addition it was found that the level of video integration, time allocated for video programmes and frequency of using video programmes affected learners‟ achievement in science to a great extent. It was therefore concluded that utilization of video programmes in science lessons could enhance the academic achievement of lower primary school pupils. It was recommended that there is need for the utilization of video programmes in teaching science in primary school as it could enhance pupils‟ achievement. The study also recommended that there is need to train teachers to ensure appropriate skills are being employed on video programme utilization

As electricity markets undergo deregulation all over the world, the approach to generation scheduling or unit commitment(UC) changes significantly. In traditional electric markets with electricity utilities which act as system operators and known as generation units, UC is done based on a cost minimization ejective.

Agricultural growth, especially in the early phases of development, is fundamental to broader economic growth and successful poverty reduction. This is because of high concentration of the poor in this sector, its strong growth linkages with other sectors, and its potential to offer low food prices to the urban poor (DFID, 2005). However, much of Africa’s agriculture is characterized by semi-subsistence, low-input, low-productivity farming systems, which are not favorable to achieving this broad-based growth. Transformation to a more commercialized agriculture is, therefore, unavoidable if the broad-based growth is to be achieved (Morris et al. 2009). Better and more accessible markets are a fundamental ingredient to a more commercialized agriculture, just as technologies and macroeconomic policies, since they are key determinants of farm productivity, food prices, and food availability (ILRI, 2011). Wellfunctioning markets send effective signals that influence incentives for investments by firms, households and workers, and enhance their efficiency and opportunities (ILRI, 2011). Yet in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, markets for agricultural inputs, outputs and finance remain thin (Poulton et al., 2006), and infrastructure, both ‘hard’ (e.g. roads) and ‘soft’ (e.g. telecommunications and information) are poor. The result is high transaction risks and costs (Poulton et al., 2006), which can distort crop choices and significantly dampen farmers’ returns from market participation as well as discourage them from producing for the market (ILRI, 2011). While market failure is a major constraint to most smallholder farmers, the effects are compounded for the marginalised groups such as the poor, women and households in low potential areas (Poulton et al., 2006; FAO, 2011). The intensity of marginalization is more pronounced among women farmers because they face higher entry barriers than men in modern value chains. For instance, women have less access to and control of productive resources such as land, capital and agricultural services like credit and training that are necessary for increasing yields and moving from subsistence to market oriented production (Jiggins et al., 1997; FAO, 2011). Consequently, women generally produce for more localized spot markets and in small volumes than men, and when they are involved in marketing of agricultural produce, they tend to be concentrated at the lower levels of the supply or value chain, and in perishable or low value products (Baden, 1998; World Bank, 2003). Addressing the challenges faced by these marginalized groups in accessing agricultural markets, remains a necessary priority in efforts to foster broad-based agricultural growth, and thereby contribute towards poverty reduction. However, interventions necessary for integrating marginalized groups into markets may differ by commodity market chain and by marginalized group. Hence, it is important to understand the constraints to market participation and types of 2 interventions that can overcome these constraints in order to unlock opportunities for involvement along a given value chain. Identifying specific agricultural value chains and interventions that could offer the best opportunities for sales, income, and poverty alleviation for marginal groups is a critical step in the process of making beneficial investments that can transform the fortunes of these groups. Further, analysis of value chains in combination with characteristics of marginalized groups of interest and the nature of potential interventions would be helpful in informing the design of such nterventions for greater impact. This study sought to identify critical challenges that need to be addressed and assess growth opportunities that could be exploited to improve access to and participation by women smallholders in agricultural markets along three value chains namely sweet potato, avocado and indigenous chicken. This was achieved through detailed value chain analysis of these selected enterprises and case studies on selected marketing innovations that could enhance market participation.

It is a great opportunity to carry out industrial training at JOBSE Electrical Services Limited. I have learnt a lot not only applying theories learnt in the lecture rooms, but also making new friends at work. Additionally, the industrial training instills me in the right kind of work attitude and professionalism through interaction with people in the organization as well as working in team and employing Electrical Engineering in the real workplace. This report describes the industrial training I spent at JOBSE Electrical Services Limited in technical department where I mostly got involved in preventive maintenance, servicing of generators, installation and repair of lighting systems at MTN service centers, warehouses, offices and homes of MTN executive workers.

Industrial training is one of the ways students attain skills which are essential in the working field. This document reports the activities done at BIDCO Uganda during industrial training which took place from 12th September to 21st October. These activities done include; oil refining, plastic making, packing and filling, steam generation, soap manufacture, quality assurance control and finally waste management. There are various products manufactured and these include cooking oil, Chippo and Chipsy, cowboy, detergents (Magic), Soap (white star, blue and cream).

This report responds to the terms of reference from the Kenya Dutch Embassy with the broad objectives to identify constraints to effectiveness, efficiency and growth in the AI and VP value chains, and to ultimately identify opportunities for the Dutch private sector to invest in the AI and VP value chains. Based on desk studies and stakeholder interviews and questionnaires in the AI and VP value chains, there is substantial information on the AI compared to the VP value chain. As a result of commercial interests’ protection, there is reticence on release of vaccine production and distribution statistics. Given this experience, we estimated the statistics based on interviews and empirical livestock population data. The current total value of the Kenya AI business exceeds 11 million USD at the current 18% of total dairy cattle breedings with a potential to generate over 37.6 million USD at 60% of total dairy cattle breedings. AI use is predominant in dairy cattle while less than 1% of the beef herd is bred using AI. The AI use is projected to grow by 1.5% to 5% in the Kenya dairy herd to reach up to 2.3 million inseminations per year by 2023 compared to the current 650,000. Consistent with privatization of AI service delivery, as much as 95% inseminations are now conducted by private AI service providers and cooperatives. In addition, semen imports increased from 20% of semen distributed in the 1990s to the current 40% of the semen distributed. This bodes well for private sector semen distribution market share growth. Both semen distribution and AI service provision generate sufficient returns to guarantee business growth. However, returns on investment for semen production business may not be guaranteed unless the critical number of doses of about 3 million per annum are produced. Of concern has been the market distortion from parastatals engaged in semen production (KAGRC) and vaccine production (KEVEVAPI) that charge subsidized prices and are not subject to import levies and taxes and product quality checks and standards applied to imported AI and vaccine products. Inefficient semen and vaccine production is prevalent in these parastatals which creates opportunities for partnerships with competent, well-resourced private sector players to improve production efficiency. The value of the vaccine business is currently estimated to be about 13 million USD per annum. Projections are difficult to compile because demand for vaccines has been unpredictable partly because it has largely been influenced by sporadic disease outbreaks and there is no central vaccine distribution data repository. The current annual vaccine business at KEVEVAPI is valued at about 3 million USD. It is estimated that private sector alone commands an annual 10 million USD vaccine business; however, in the absence of a central vaccine distribution data repository and reticence from private vaccine distributors this could not be confirmed in this study. While the market for AI supplies and services is well defined and relatively more developed, the market for vaccines is ill-defined and not predictable and is largely dependent on disease outbreaks. Based on the populations of livestock, there is grossly limited vaccine distribution. It is obvious that a cattle population of 27 million would require annual vaccine doses in excess of this population but KEVEVAPI supplied a total 27 million doses of vaccines for all the livestock species which clearly shows a huge gap in vaccine supply. The demand for vaccines would be multiple times higher than current demand. It is apparent that vaccine availability, efficiency of distribution, and farmer knowledge on vaccine use are inadequate. Both KEVEVAPI and the GoK accept that the national and regional demand for vaccines is not being met. This demand is likely to be met when KEVEVAPI engages partners that can improve its capacity including a technological upgrade of its facilities. While there is anecdotal evidence of a potential vaccine demand, such investment opportunities would be more apparent if the GoK establishes vaccine production and distribution data recording systems. Apart from this GoK expectation, stakeholders in the VP sub-sector could also establish farmer needs and demand from created stakeholder forums. Investment in semen and vaccine production levels can be considered, but initial investment by Dutch companies should first be at the warehousing and distribution level (supply through product importation) to establish distribution channels and demand before investing in production facilities. Strategically, it is essential for Dutch investors to work with local partners to understand the markets before fully engaging and making heavy investments. All breeding products from semen to supplies should be tailored to the markets for pack size/specifications. However, these companies can consider investing in local AI companion product manufacture. Given that breeding programs take long to realize results, this makes the AI sub-sector vulnerable to public sector and donor funded programs that often distort markets. In this regard, it is important to scope the NGOs working in the area to form strategic buying-down risk partnerships or alliances, and hence preclude market distortions. It is purported that Dutch companies have interest in investing in the Kenya AI and VP value chains, but based on activities of the companies there is more interest and presence in the AI than the VP value chain. It is also apparent that most Dutch pharmaceutical and vaccine companies have merged with large international companies, mostly American companies. It is therefore probable that this may dilute the Dutch agenda of tapping the vaccine business in Kenya. In general, if Dutch companies are interested in production business they should set-up in existing institutions such as KEVEVAPI and KAGRC bull stud. As suggested by some Dutch companies, a precondition for partnership with public sector institutions is operation according to a commercial and realistic business model. Such model operates free of subsidies and government interference. Dutch companies should also consider investing in after sales service provision for specialized equipment and special technology to existing institutions (e.g., liquid N generation equipment after sales service). As a result of high import duties, Dutch companies should consider importing raw materials or singular vaccines that are blended locally as done by some local companies. Dutch companies should exploit existing bilateral agreements between the Dutch Government and the GoK; for example, the heifer supply agreement. Finally, because the AI and vaccine businesses are largely anchored on the dairy sub-sector, the major changes in the sector that include the advent of international milk processors such as Danone and Brookside joint venture, investors should be prepared for long-run business model modifications.