There is a tremendous growth in the volume of information available on the internet, digital libraries, new sources and company database or intranets that contain valuable information. Information from World Wide Web has been a source of information which caters for different sectors ranging from social, political and economical spheres for decision making. Such information would be more valuable if it can be available to the end user and other application systems in required formats. This has caused the need for tools to assist users in extracting relevant information in a fast and effective way. We explore an efficient mechanism of extracting web data through analysis of HTML tags and patterns. HTML constitutes a large percentage of web content. However, much of this content lacks strict structure and proper schema. Additionally, web content has high update frequency and semantic heterogeneity of the information as compared to other format such as XML that are more firms in structure. We have managed to produce a customized generic model that can be used to extract unstructured data from the web and populate it to a database. The main contribution is an automated process for locating, extracting and storing data from HTML web sources. Such data is then available to other application software for analysis and other processing.

This study investigates the role of the Commission on Administrative Justice (hereinafter stated to as the CAJ) in protecting the right to fair administrative act under the 2010 Kenyan Constitution. It documents the successes, challenges, and opportunities that the CAJ has encountered in realizing its constitutional mandate. The study argues that although the CAJ has made some strides in guarding the right to fair administrative action, it nevertheless continues to face numerous challenges, which hinder it from fulfilling its mandate. As a result, this inadequacy of the Commission on Administrative Justice Act 2011 and the Fair Administrative Action Act, No. 4 of 2015 has restrained the operations of the CAJ hence the failure in promotion of fair administrative action in Kenya as defined for under the Constitution of Kenya 2010. It demonstrates that although some progress has been made, the absence of a policy on enforcement of decisions, political bureaucracy and impunity, limited accessibility, and lack of awareness of the public on the roles of the existence and mandate of the CAJ are some of the critical challenges that continue to greatly undermine the CAJ from fulfilling its mandate. Although several scholars have written on the CAJ, to the best of my knowledge, no other study has evaluated the extent to which the CAJ has fulfilled its constitutional mandate of regulating administrative power in Kenya. This study also seeks to seal this gap by exposing the limitations of the CAJ caused by legislative gaps such as lack of enforcement mechanisms and different interpretations that prevent it from enforcing, realizing and enhancing the right to a fair administrative action. With a sole purpose of contributing to existing literature, this study in a bid to take away the execution role by parliament, among other recommendations, recommend the amendment of Section 8 and 54 of the Commission on Administrative Action Act, 2011 to assist the CAJ fulfil its desired mandate as envisaged in the 2010 Kenyan Constitution.

Pastoralists all over the world are faced with a myriad of challenges, chief of them being recurrent droughts, diminishing grazing land owing to land tenure and land use changes, and conflicts over scarce resources, which are exacerbated by climate change to undermine their livelihoods. They have however evolved various strategies of coping and adapting to the changes around them. The most common and contemporary pastoralists’ responses to these changes include diversification of livelihoods and migration to urban and peri-urban areas to seek opportunities, especially following loss of their herds to drought. Such migration is normally accompanied by shifts in general lifestyle of pastoralist households, and specifically livelihood activities. This calls for a better understanding of the socio-cultural and economic shifts that occur among pastoral households upon migration to urban areas, as well as the drivers of the choice of economic activities among the migrant households. This study was carried out in Isiolo county of Kenya to determine factors that influence the choice of current households' livelihood activities in the urban and peri-urban areas of Isiolo town, and to analyze community perceptions on socio-ecological changes and social cultural impacts of rural-urban migration among pastoral households in the study area. A total of one hundred and ninety-one household interviews, six focus group discussions and 12 key informant interviews were conducted to gather data in Wabera and Bulla Pesa wards within the urban, and Burat and Ngaremara wards in the peri-urban areas of Isiolo town. The results show that the main source of livelihood of households before migration was livestock keeping and casual labor, while upon migration to urban and peri-urban areas, they ventured into small businesses and wage employment. The main reasons for households’ migration to urban areas were to seek opportunities for wage employment and trade. Households in urban areas mainly engaged in wage employment and operating retail shops, while those in the peri-urban areas engaged in casual labor, with majority of the population being unemployed. The results of the multinomial logit model indicated that the main determinants of the choice of livelihood activities by households were the level of education of household heads and re-settlement location (urban vis a vis peri-urban) following migration. Results also show that the households perceived changes over time in their climate, environment, and socioeconomics upon migration to urban areas. Majority of the respondents reported that upon migration to urban centers, pastoral households undergo several socio-cultural transformations such as increased involvement of women in leadership, incomegenerating activities, and engagement in responsibilities that are traditionally male-dominated. Whereas migration to urban areas and urbanization, in general, presents diverse livelihood opportunities and improved access to social services and amenities to pastoral households, it has trade-offs associated with erosion of socio-cultural values, loss of social capital, and exposure to the high cost of living in the urban and peri-urban areas. This calls for policies and interventions at the county level that are cognizant of pastoral household special needs as they increasingly migrate to urban and peri-urban areas

Insider threat to information security is increasingly becoming a challenge to information security managers. One of the biggest challenges is not a lack of strong and robust policies, but that of ensuring full or highest rate of compliance with the policies. This is more compounded by the threats posed by insiders who have unfettered access to information systems assets. It is no surprise then that despite heavy investments in ensuring information security infrastructure, institutions still face the highest rates of information security breaches. Numerous studies have been conducted to provide insights and models on information security mitigations. However, very few studies have considered the policy compliance culture phenomenon. Among those who have considered the mixed methodology approach, none of the scholarly studies have considered grounded theory methods. The overall objective was to establish the relationship existing between organizational culture and information security compliance culture. As part of the Specific objective, the study intended to; 1) explore the relationship that exists between organizational culture and the actual information security compliance culture in universities in Kenya, 2) explain the relationship that exists between organizational culture and the actual information security compliance culture in universities in Kenya through theory generation, 3) and validate the theoretical model that predicts information security compliance culture. The study employed an exploratory sequential mixed-method research design. This followed the QUAL-Quan principles. The population of this study was the Universities in Kenya. The study was divided into two phases namely, the model development phase and the model validation phase. The model development phase was designed to achieve two objectives namely: exploring the factors that impact information security compliance culture and explaining the relationships between the emerging factors and information security compliance culture through theory generation. The model validation phase was designed to test and validate the emergent theory through a semi-structured questionnaire. The model development phase adopted a grounded theory methodology while the model validation phase adopted the survey questionnaire approach. The resulting theory was analysed and discussed in terms of model development and model validation. In the model development phase, several themes emerged which upon consolidation, were grouped into 4 main thematic groupings namely, demographic-oriented themes, organizational-oriented themes, individual-oriented themes, and information security compliance culture-oriented themes. The organizational oriented themes were further sub-grouped into the organizational level factors and moderating factors. The same was also done for individual-oriented themes to generate the individuallevel factors and the factors moderating the individual-level factors. The study thereafter generated a theoretical model that explained a relationship between organizational initiatives, independent behavioral trends, management support, individual demographic interventions, and external organizational interventions towards information security compliance culture (ISCC). The model validation phase produced findings that supported the emergent theoretical model by having factor loadings that significantly supported the model among other parameters that were tested. The study makes a main theoretical model contribution which is highlighted based on the model developed in phase one and the validated theoretical model. The model is adaptable to future researchers interested in covering information security compliance studies. The other contribution that this study makes is the methodological contribution which is also discussed in line with the efficiency of the procedures this study efficiently adopted. Further, the application of mixed methods as adopted in this study will provide insights to future information systems researchers to consider when deciding on how to conduct behavioral related studies. In terms of practice, the emergent theoretical model will be beneficial to practitioners in formulating checklists geared towards strengthening information security compliance regimes within their policy directions. This study is important because it provides a theoretical direction and methodological directions for future exploration of information securityrelated studies. Keywords: Insider Threats, Information Security, Compliance Culture, Mixed Methods, Grounded Theory.

In response to intense global business competition, companies have implemented "new" operational philosophies to enhance competitiveness. Such World Class Manufacturing (WCM) practices include Kaizen, Just in Time, Total Quality Management and Business Process Reengineering. This study investigates level of adoption of these World Class Manufacturing practices among quoted companies in Kenya; assesses the benefits and challenges that implementers face in the implementation process. The study finds 94% of firms applying the WCM practices with Total Quality Management (TQM) ranking highest across all sectors. Firms realized cost reduction, improved product quality and reduced lead time upon adopting the practices. However, company culture and staff attitude posed the most challenges in implementation process. The study further finds extensive adoption in the industrial and allied sector but lesser adoption of WCM practices in both Commercial and Service, and Finance and Investment sectors.

More than 34% of Somali children are in need of treatment for acute malnutrition. Chronic malnutrition rates, food insecurity limited livelihoods strategies have remained persistently high throughout Somalia (Somaliland, Puntland, and South-Central Somalia) varying according to zone and livelihood system. Recent studies have indicated that underlying causes, such as: lack of diet diversity, inadequate young child feeding patterns, improper hygiene practices, water and sanitation not utilizing health and education facilities are also major causes of continuous under nutrition. The objective of this study was to determine childcare practices of mothers/caregivers and nutritional status of children aged 6-59 months attending Gaalkacyo General Hospital-Somalia. A total of 169 respondents were randomly recruited for the study. A restructured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic characteristics data, dietary patterns was obtained using food frequency and 24-hour dietary intake and nutrition status was assessed using anthropometric data. Majority of the caregivers were aged 26-35 years (35.5 %), nearly 14.2% were aged 46-49 and small percentage (4.1%) of caregivers were 15-20 years old. Diet restriction was a common practice. The food avoided when child has diarrhea were milk and milk products (27.2%), porridge 10.1%, fruits/fruits juices 4.1% and foods cooked with oil 3.0%. About 64.5% of the children breast fed 8-12 times per a day. While 18.3% of the under-fives were breast fed 4-8 times per a day and 17.2% 4-6 times per a day. Almost all (95.9%) of respondents/caregivers were breastfeeding and gave colostrum to the children. At the time of the study, half of the. of the children (56.8%) were still breastfeeding. The duration of breastfeeding ranged within 21 months (minimum of 6 months to a maximum of 27 months. The mean breastfeeding duration was 19.3 ±5.5 months. All the children (100%) were weaned between 2 months and 6 months. The mean exclusive breastfeeding duration was 4.9± 1.3. The prevalence of wasting was found to be 32.3%, stunting 33.3, and underweight 32.3%.in children under-fives years from the study population. Positive correlation was found to exist between the child’s age and wasting(r=0.074). There was a significant difference between proportion of the children who were underweight and not underweight (p=0.014), stunted and not stunted (p=0.047). Children under-fives attending Gaalkacyo General Hospital were between 4 to five times likely to be malnourished the mother’s education level correlated to the children’s nutritional status with wasting at r=0.064, stunting r=-0.030 and underweight r=-0. 047. There was strong correlation between household sizes and nutritional status with underweight being the highest at r=0.84, wasting at r=0.021 and stunting r=-0. 079. Children’s imbalanced diet correlated and significantly associated with underweight (r=0.018, p=0.012). Majority of the children (84.6%) eat Vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables and white tubers and roots (81.1%), other vegetables and fruits were 63.3%, iron rich foods intakes by 52.1%. Flesh meats consumed by 59.2% while the consumption of cereals was highest from grains, and eggs (54.4%). The many cases of wasting, stunting, and underweight are not limited to one gender as both male and female children are equally at risk of getting malnourished. The study area had water availability constraint, and water treatment was used as a purification mechanism to achieve safety of the water. Conclusively, there is need for hygiene and sanitation practices to be taught at health centers more often especially for those who have children under the age of five. Institution-based training and community-based sensitization on the importance of children vaccination. Health institutions to have a follow-up plan for all the mothers attending antenatal clinic to curb defaulting. This will help in keeping in track with the mother’s nutritional status that can affect the birth outcome of the child. Training of caregivers on the introduction and practice of mixed feeding should also be done. This should be extended to the young child feeding practice when the child is unwell.

The aim of this research study was to determine the capacity of Community Based Organizations (CBO) in provision of health insurance to the urban poor. This was a descriptive survey. It focused on identifying the presence of factors that influence the success of Community Based Health Insurance (CBHI) in the CBOs studied. The study was conducted within the sprawling Kibera slums of Nairobi and was based on 91 CBOs as registered by the Kibera Division Community Development Assistant (2007). The respondents were drawn from 31 CBOs sampled from the 91 CBOs out of whom only one CBO failed to return the questionnaire delivered to them by the researcher. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the relevant data which was used to summarize the findings and draw conclusions. The rate of response was impressive and data collected was used to draw meaningful conclusions and recommendations. The study concluded that the CBOs within Kibera Slums possess the factors that influence the success of CBHI. Members of some of the CBOs were found to have health insurance cover mostly through micro finance organizations such as savings and credit societies where individual CBOs join as corporate members to enhance the saving capacity and accessibility to credit facilities. All individual CBO studied, however, faced the problem of lack of adequate volume of exposure and acknowledged financial constraints and poverty as the major impediments to their growth. The level of members contributions for at least two third of the CBOs was adequate to sustain CBHI. The study recommends that the CBOs cooperate with each other by coming together to form larger CBOs that would have adequate volumes or join the conglomeration of CBOs that are already offering CBHI besides other activities. Deliberate measures also have to be taken to assist the CBOs alleviate poverty among other risk control measures while the government and other agents should put more effort in improving the health facilities in the slums and partner with CBOs in health financing.

Nutritioneducationisoneoftheimportantcomponentsofantenatalcare.Itisawidelyused strategy to improve nutritional knowledge of pregnant women seeking ante natal care more so in governmentrunhealthcarefacilities. A lot of studies to assess the level of nutritional knowledge on pregnant women attending antenatal care in government health facilities have been done but little data exists on the antenatal care situation at Mbagathi hospital given that it’s one of the key government run level five hospital facility in Nairobi County that serves a population of about 3.1 million urban dwellers. The broad objective of this study was to determine the nutritional knowledge and dietary practices of pregnant women receiving nutrition education while attending antenatal care at Mbagathi hospital Nairobi county. The study used a descriptive cross-sectional study design for collection and analysis of data and. Total of 195 pregnant women receiving nutrition education while attending antenatal care in Mbagathi hospital Antenatal clinic were recruited into the study through systematic sampling. The study, using a semi structured questionnaire, assessed the level of nutritional knowledge and dietary practices of attendees of ante natal clinic. Anthropometric measurement of the Middle-upper arm Circumference (MUAC) was used to assess the nutrition status of the women. The study used Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software for data entry and analysis. Descriptive statistics (mean, median, frequency and standard deviation) described the background characteristics of the study sample while inferential statistics, (P-Value of <0.05 at 95% confidence interval), were employed to determine associations and relationships between two or more variables. Majority (69%) of the participants were within the age category of between 21- 30 years and the mean age was 27 (±=5.38) years. Over three quarters (79%) were married while 21% were not. Slightly below half of the women, 43%, had attained secondary education 17% had primary education while 9% had University education. Slightly over a third (35%) were housewives, 31% self-employed and 12% were salaried workers. The mean household size was 3.18 (±=1.47) Over 50% of the respondents were in their third trimester of pregnancy, 34% in the second and 7% in the first trimester. Only 39% had made between three and four antenatal visits, with the mean number of visits was 3.7. Nearly all (94%) participants had blood pressure readings taken, 71% had a concurrent illness (colds and flus, urinary tract infections, Malaria), 8% had a diagnosis of High Blood Pressure, 4% had gestational diabetes while 2% had iron deficiency anemia. On assessment of nutritional knowledge, 84% displayed adequate levels of nutrition knowledge with regards to aspects of nutrition during pregnancy like variety of foods; amount of food during pregnancy; energy sources; micronutrient supplement for pregnant women, necessity for supplementation and duration; micronutrients, iron and calcium and consequences of deficiency during pregnancy while 13% had poor knowledge score. The level of nutritional knowledge was strongly associated with the number of antenatal care visits attended (p=0.03), nutrition status (p=0.018) and the mean dietary diversity score (p=0.03) of the participants. Assessment of dietary diversity showed that having consumed at least five food groups, 63% met the minimum dietary diversity score for women. There was a significant association between household size and dietary diversity score (p=0.033). Majority (65%) of pregnant women from household sizes of 1 to 4 members displayed adequate dietary diversity. However, there was no association between dietary diversity with education status, marital status, occupation and level of income. Nutrition status was assessed by taking the reading of the middle upper arm circumference (MUAC) using an adult MUAC tape. The respondents had MUAC measurement of ranging from 22.8cm to over 30cm, with 62% of the pregnant women had normal nutritional status with a MUAC reading of between 22.8-30.7cm, 27% of the women were obese with a MUAC readings of >30cm while 11% with MUAC reading of <22 cm were underweight. From the research findings, pregnant women who receive nutrition education while attending antenatal care ante natal care at Level 5 hospitals in Kenya have adequate maternal nutrition knowledge and dietary diversity score. The more the number of ante natal visits a pregnant woman makes, the higher the level of nutritional knowledge. This study recommends that the Government of Kenya, Ministry of Health and partners should continuously and consistently create more awareness of the existence of antenatal care service and its benefits to pregnant women. Health workers at antenatal clinics should also pay particular attention to underweight and overweight pregnant women since they have poor nutrition knowledge the health workers should go an extra mile to find out why they are unable to make the right food choices

This study examines how femininity has been constructed in the songs of Bosco Mulwa. The objectives of this study are: Interrogating the aspects of femininity through language that the artist incorporates in the songs to construct femininity in different contexts and exploring the elements of performance and their development in interpreting style within the construction of femininity. The study is guided by three theoretical frameworks: intersectionality theories, performance theories and ethino poetics theories. The study is divided into three chapters. Chapter one forms the background of the study, chapter two interrogates the aspects of femininity through language that the artist incorporates in the songs to construct femininity in different contexts and chapter three explores the elements of performance and their development in interpreting style within the construction of femininity.

The tanning industry utilizes chrome salts for tanning despite them being considered environmental pollutants. Vegetable tanning is considered to be a greener alternative to chrome tanning with mimosa extract being the most commonly used. The presence of inadequate acacia trees in Kenya for mimosa production means that the country majorly relies on imports which results in an increase in their prices leading to an increase in cost of production. This study was formulated to determine the viability of coffee pulp as a source for vegetable tannins. Twelve samples were collected from Yadini coffee factory in four different days. The tannin content was quantitatively determined by the hide powder method. The quality of the leathers was determined by carrying physical tests on tanned goatskins according to IUP methods. A statistical t test was used for comparison of coffea arabica pulp and mimosa tannin content and physical properties of resultant leathers. It was established that C. arabica pulp had a tannin content of 5.04% and a tanning strength of 2.26 compared to mimosa extract with a tanning content of 64% and a tanning strength of 2.82 with the two tannins being of the condensed type. This showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the tannin content and tanning strength of mimosa and C. arabica tannins. The physical characteristics of C. arabica pulp tanned leather was 14.72±2.22N/mm2 and →19.09±1.60N/mm2 tensile strength, 62oC shrinkage temperature, 48.00±14.15 N/mm, →38.12±3.13N/mm tear strength, grain crack and grain burst of 4.52±0.31mm and 5.93±0.28mm respectively and a change in colour at 100000 flexes for flex endurance. Mimosa tanned leather had 24.19±2.25N/mm2 and →27.20±3.26N/mm2 tensile strength, 83oC shrinkage temperature, 75.97±8.68N/mm, →→72.08±8.19N/mm tear strength, grain crack and grain burst of 7.47±0.09mm and 8.25±0.15mm respectively. There was no damage at 100000 flexes for flex endurance. The t test used for comparison showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.001) for tensile strength, tear strength, shrinkage temperature, ball burst and flex endurance. The study concluded that the tanning strength of coffee pulp was more than the minimum 1.5 recommended for vegetable tanning materials. The physical properties exceeded the minimum recommended limits although they were less comparable to mimosa tanned leather. It was recommended that further research to be conducted on the penetration of C. arabica pulp tannins in the pelt as the coffee tannins in their natural form did not penetrate making their use in tanning in this state difficult.