This study estimated the macroeconomic determinant of unemployment in Uganda during the period 1983 to 2016. The study estimated unemployment rate against key macroeconomic variables that affect unemployment like: inflation, population, economic growth rate and exchange rate. The study used the 2 step Engle- Granger method given the small data sample. All the diagnostic tests showed that the study is free from multicollinearity, serial correlation, with variables used being normally distributed. The error correction term is negative and statistically significant. The key results also revealed that unemployment is negatively related to economic growth confirming Okun’s law for Uganda. This means that a gain in economic growth will reduce unemployment. Additionally, there is a positive relationship between education level, population growth rate and unemployment while inflation has a negative relationship; this supports the Phillip’s Curve assertion that there is a negative relationship between unemployment and inflation. Therefore, to curb unemployment in Uganda, Government should adopt policies that promote economic growth and reduce inflation such as; the use of contractionary monetary policy to contain inflation by reducing money supply within the economy through decreased bond prices and increased interest rates; and using the wage and price controls given that Uganda’s inflation is basically due to consistent increase in price may work as it may reduce unemployment that results from high cost of production. Lastly, government can adopt fiscal policies like increasing taxes such as the income tax and VAT as well as cutting government spending a move that will reduce aggregate demand. Keywords: Unemployment, Economic growth, Inflation

This study examined the implications of urban growth and development on land use in Jinja Municipality. The objectives were: to identify the forms of land use change, to examine the factors of urban growth and development; and to establish the impactions of growth and development on land use in Jinja Municipality. Data was collected using GIS, Remote sensing and a survey that targeted Household Heads and Local Council leaders (LCs). Key Informants Interviews were carried out with: the Population Officer, Land Officer and Urban Planning Officer from the Municipal Council. Satellite maps for the years 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016 were used to ascertain the changes in land use cover of Jinja Municipality. The study findings revealed that there is a tremendous transformation in the various land use in Jinja Municipality. The built-up area has shown the highest rate of expansion while green area, swamps and general vegetation cover suffered the greatest loss. The increasing urbanization has had negative implications on the environment particularly the weather and water supply. This is due to the fact that the areas initially conserved for environment, green areas, wetlands are being degraded to pave way for industrialization. Further, increased illegal settlements (slums), increased garbage dumping, use of former parking spaces in the municipality as commercial centers, breakdown of the sewerage system among others in the municipality indicates rapid unplanned urban growth characterized by dis-proportionality between population growth and economic transformation in the municipality. Basing on the findings of the study, the research recommends that Jinja Municipality should design, implement and periodically review an integrated strategic plan for the existing infrastructure to avert the negative effects of growth and development on the existing infrastructure and land in the study area. The study further recommends that comprehensive land use planning and development policies should be introduced, strengthened and incorporated into the Jinja Municipality master plan. Lastly the study recommends that Jinja Municipal Council should address aspects of the existing land laws and regulations of acquisition of land for development with the view of simplifying and decentralizing the procedures so that they are easily accepted and followed by the public.

Introduction The relationship between food insecurity and HIV/AIDS creates a vicious cycle through nutritional, mental health and behavioral pathways. Food insecurity therefore can contribute to and result from the progression of HIV. It is a potential important barrier to the success of antiretroviral treatment, increased hospitalizations and higher morbidity among HIV- infected individuals. Therefore the purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence and factors associated with food insecurity among HIV positive adults attending ART clinic at Mulago National Referral Hospital. Objective To determine the prevalence and factors associated with food insecurity among HIV positive adults attending ART clinic at Mulago National Referral hospital. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 90 among adults attending ART clinic at Mulago National Referral Hospital. A systematic random sampling technique was used to include all participants. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. The data was entered into Microsoft excel 2010 for analysis Results The study revealed that most of the respondents were female. Majority of the respondents were between 30-39 years of age. The level of food insecurity among PLWHA receiving ART therapy was 69%; mild (23.32%), moderate (29.09%) and severe (16.35).Poor income, being single, low education status, smoking of cigarettes were predictors of food insecurity. Conclusion The prevalence of food insecurity was high. Educational status, low income (unemployment) marital status, cigarette smoking, presence of anemia, and opportunistic infections were the major significant factors affecting food insecurity

Kwanza nilienda maktabani nakusoma vitabu mbali mbali ili niweze kufanikiwa na lengo langu la matini. Pia nilitumia intaneti ili kupata data fulani kama google scholar ilu niweze kujua mengi kuhusu teknolojia kulingana na watafiti mbali mbali. Vifaa vya kukusanya data Nilitumia kalamu pamoja na karatasi kuandika data nilipokuwa maktabani, kamusi ya Kiswahili sanifu, nilitumia simu kutafuta kwenye intaneti. Uchunguzi wa data Baada ya kukusanya data kutoka maktabani ya chuo kikuu Cha Makerere na nyingine kutoka kwenye intaneti, niliandaa na kuichanganua data hiyo iliyopatikana kwa makini ili niweze kupata data fasaha inayotakiwa kama inavyooneshwa katika matini hii.

This study analyses the rights to freedom of political assembly and association as enshrined in international instruments and national constitutions, and critically assesses the state of those freedoms in Uganda. It is particularly concerned with the role that courts of law have historically played in their enforcement. It takes the position that although the concept of human rights—of which the right to freedom of political assembly and association is an integral component—has now acquired a reasonable level of normativity, on the ground the state of those rights remains precarious. The central argument of this study is that the deficit in the enjoyment of this category of rights is due to two factors: the ideological character or content of the rights themselves, and the political and socio-economic environment within which they are sought to be enjoyed. While exposing the limitations of the liberal conception of fundamental human rights, which sets narrow parameters within which they are enjoyed rendering them largely superficial, the study makes the case for their promotion and protection, notwithstanding those limitations, while working for their enhancement in the long run. From an historical and socio-legal perspective, the study demonstrates that Ugandans have consistently asserted their right of political assembly and association, without necessarily employing the language of human rights. Throughout these struggles, courts of law have been more notable for their absence or indifference rather than in helping Ugandans assert their human rights. Instead the courts—especially those which have dealt with criminal charges—have often been employed by the state as part of the machinery for suppressing demonstrations, protest and other modes of exercising the right of assembly and association. This is so because of the nature and character of the courts, that is to say, the institutional interconnectedness between the judiciary and the other arms of government, and the perceived and actual mandate of the judiciary. Whereas the coming into power of the NRM and the enactment of the 1995 Constitution were expected to herald a new beginning for constitutionalism, the rule of law and respect for human rights, on the ground little has changed. Consequently, the rights to freedom of political assembly and association remain bleak. While there have been far-reaching institutional developments in the Judiciary, and while the courts of judicature have on occasion made bold decisions in defence of fundamental rights, these have not gone far enough. It is contended that in the absence of a fundamental change in the political and socio-economic order, it is not conceivable that courts of law will act as consistent guardians of these rights. In the short term, however, the study urges the government to respect and give effect to the rights; the academic community and media to vigorously articulate the rights; and political parties and civil society organisations to develop a democratic ethos internally, and to build alliances so as to generate the synergies necessary to exert meaningful influence and drive change. Finally, the study recommends a complete retraining and re-orientation of the judicial staff, and restructuring of the Judiciary as a whole, to put in place an institution that consciously promotes and protects human rights generally.

Background Uropathogenic Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infections are a major public health issue menacing the effectual treatment of urinary tract infections among females. The use of quinolone antibiotics like Ciprofloxacin and Nalidixic acid for urinary tract infection treatment is customary in Uganda. Misuse of these antibiotics has occasioned the emergence of resistance in Escherichia coli ultimately leading to increased cost of treating UTIs in females. Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of quinolone resistant genes qepA among Escherichia coli isolates obtained from archived Uropathogenic E. coli at the microbiology laboratory at Makerere university College of Health Sciences. Methods and Materials The study was a cross sectional study which used archived uropathogenic E. coli at the microbiology laboratory at Makerere university College of Health Sciences known to have quinolone resistance. From the 30 archived samples, confirmation was done using phenotypic then genotypic methods. The samples were confirmed to be E. coli using biochemical tests, DNA extraction was done using CTAB and PCR targeting the qepA gene was done Results From the 30 archived samples that were grown on MacConkey agar, 21 samples had pure E. coli colonies. The 21 samples showed positive results for E. Coli when subjected to biochemical tests. Out of the 21 recovered isolates, antibiotic susceptibility pattern revealed that the highest and lowest rates were to nalidixic acid (100%) and ciprofloxacin (66.6%) respectively. Following PCR, 1 of 21 samples was positive for the qepA gene Conclusion The study demonstrated the presence of 4.76% qepA genes, this was in line with most of the studies carried out on plasmid mediated resistance genes where by their prevalence is generally low.

The research set out to examine the Determinants of Uganda's regional trade with a special focus on Uganda's Performance under the East African Community (EAC). The study utilized the gravity model which predicts that bilateral trade between two countries is proportional to their respective sizes, measured by their GDP, and inversely proportional to trade costs that increase with distance. Making estimation using Ordinary Least squares, the paper analyses the effect of GDP, Population, common language, membership to EAC, Common colonial ties, membership to extra-regional economic groups, and distance between capitals to examine their effect on trade volume, export volumes, and net exports. Using secondary data from International Trade Centre (ITC) and World Bank databases and using Stata statistical software for analysis, the study revealed that: An increase in the population of a trading country relative to Uganda by 1 person results in a 2.76 percent increase in the volume of trade between the two countries. An increase in the distance of between capital cities by 1% leads to a 2.25% reduction in the volume of trade between Uganda and that partner trading country. An increase in the GDP of a partner trading country relative to Uganda by USD 1 increases the export volumes by 0.6%. An increase in the population of a trading country relative to Uganda by 1 person results in a 1.69 percent increase in the export volume for Uganda. Having common historical colonial ties reduces the export volume by 1.3%. Also, a 1% increase in the distance from Uganda's Capital to that of a trading partner is associated with a 1.76% reduction in the volume of exports. An increase in the population of a trading country relative to Uganda by 1 person results in a 2.6 percent reduction in the net export volume for Uganda. Membership to the EAC reduces the net exports by 1.14%; having a common of cial language reduces the net exports by 0.79% while having common colonial ties reduces the net exports by 2.5%. Ironically, a 1% increase in the distance from Uganda's Capital to that of a trading partner is associated with a 1.6% increase in net exports. As a recommendation, great emphasis should be put on countries without common colonial ties (countries outside of Kenya and Tanzania) for improvement of the Terms of Trade.

Domestic revenue mobilization has received growing attention in recent years. For the economies of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries in general and that of the East Africa countries in particular domestic resource mobilization has crucial national and international dimensions. In most countries, the share of tax revenue collection to GDP is declining and countries rely on foreign aid and other source of capital inflow as a major source of the government budget. Thus, as tax revenue is key for economic development, the study thought to empirically examine the key determinants of tax revenue for East African countries using the recent year data ranging from 1992 to 2015 by employing panel data cointegration approach. Panel unit root test of stationarity using the LLC, IPS and ADF test of stationarity shows that all variables are cointegrated of order one, I(1) except the variable inflation which is stationary at level. The model estimation was made by using the FGLS and the dynamic panel data GMM model. The long run estimated equation from the FGLS results indicates that per capita GDP, foreign aid, trade openness, share of agriculture, share of industry and share of services have positive contribution for tax revenue of east African countries over the study period. On other hand, urbanization, official exchange rate and rate of inflation have negative impact of the tax revenue to GDP ratio. From the short run panel vector error correction model one period lagged tax revenue and urbanization has negative impact on the current period tax revenue while two period lagged urbanization and official exchange rate has positive impact. Thus, the result of the study calls for an indication that tax revenue increases under stable macroeconomic environment. Hence, East African countries should therefore better pursue economic policies that at least reveal low inflation rate and favorable trade policies. Moreover, the countries are required to set prudent macroeconomic policy environment which create economic integrations among different sectors, mobilizes domestic resource and improve external trade policies to make each country’s growth sustainable on the basis of domestic resource mobilizations. The cumulative effects lead to improved tax revenue collection of the region.

Over the past decade, non-performing loans in Uganda’s commercial banking industry have continued to show a positive trend. The continued increase in NPLs has not only affected credit growth, but has also resulted in the collapse and closure of some commercial banks such as Crane Bank (in 2017), Global Trust Bank (in 2014). It’s against this background, that the study examined the determinants of NPLs in Uganda’s commercial banking industry. The study used secondary data on quarterly basis for the period 2002 quarter one to 2017 quarter two. Data on bank-specific factors was obtained from bank of Uganda while that for macroeconomic factors was obtained from IMF and World Development Indicators (World Bank) Secondary data Empirical analysis was carried out on both bank specific and macroeconomic factors using bounds test and ARDL technique. The findings of the study suggest that non-performing loans increase with increase in lending rates, real effective exchange rate and unemployment rate. Whereas increase in returns on assets and GDP growth are associated with a decreasing effect on non-performing loans. Based on the findings, the study recommends that commercial banks should consider the international competitiveness of the domestic economy before extending loans so as to minimize the effect of real exchange rate appreciation. Efforts to lower lending rates (for example, by reducing operating costs of the banks and increasing liquidity of the banks) are of paramount importance in this regard. Furthermore, there is need to promote GDP growth for example, by creating a conducive business atmosphere and promoting high productivity industries. There is also need to reduce unemployment rate by developing labour market information system and supporting labour intensive industries. Promoting stock markets would also enable banks diversify their portfolio and therefore spread their risk. Key words; Determinants, Non-performing loans, cointegration, ARDL.