Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

The export led growth hypothesis, advocates that export growth is key in enhancing economic growth yet no consensus has been reached on the causal relationship between the two. This paper examines the validity of the export led growth hypothesis in Kenya for the period 1980 to 2011 using time series data. The aim of the paper is to determine the direction of causality between export growth and economic growth. A seven variable (GDP, export, import, capital, labour, real exchange rate and terms of trade) model is estimated using the error correction model and granger causality techniques. The results indicate that export led growth hypothesis is valid for Kenya and there exist a unidirectional causality flowing from exports to economic growth. Export diversification, value addition on the export goods and currency stability are some of the recommended policies.

Counterfeiting is unauthorised imitative production of products or a service without authority from the owner’s which are protected by intellectual property rights in order to make profits. Counterfeit medicines are part of the broader phenomenon of substandard pharmaceuticals – medicines manufactured below established standards of quality and therefore dangerous to patients’ health and ineffective for the treatment of diseases. The difference is that counterfeits are deliberately and fraudulently mislabelled with respect to identity or source. The objectives of this study was to determine the effect of counterfeit on the pharmaceutical distribution and retailing in Mombasa County and the roles of pharmaceutical distributors and retailers in combating counterfeit. The findings from the study were that counterfeits had an effect in pharmaceutical distribution and retailing and it was noted that the least effect of counterfeit drugs was that they can lead to death of patients. The effects that counterfeit lead to loss of tax to the government and that they affected investors investments were rated above average. Counterfeits affect sales, causes loss of goodwill of the brand, innovation is affected and that the image of the pharmacy is affected were rated highly by most of the respondents. On average the pharmacist played the role of ensuring that the patients are aware of counterfeit drugs. They also made sure that the patients were aware of anti-counterfeiting strategies, the discussed the patient medication first before dispensing were highly rated. The respondents also indicated that they have continuous education, resources affect identification of counterfeit drugs and that technology is a challenge to branded products.

Premiums are payable to an insurance company for a cover against a certain risk. Credibility models are actuarial tools to distribute premiums fairly among a heterogeneous group of policyholders. The problem is usually to devise a way of combining the experience of the group with the experience of the individual risk the better to calculate the premium. Credibility theory gives the solution to this problem. Most papers and researches on this subject are difficult to follow through, especially without the basic knowledge of Credibility theory. They also involve fairly recondite mathematics. This study describes the basic concept of Credibility theory and the standard methods of finding the Credibility factor, which are the Limited Fluctuation, Greatest Accuracy, and Bayesian. This is basically giving the areas of study there are in credibility theory. Once we have the insurance claim experience with us, we need to fit mathematical regression models to it. Usually, the data is assumed to be normal, and so we are restricted. The solution to this problem is the use of Generalized Linear Models which is looked at herein in this study. The topics at hand are generally broad and therefore for deeper comprehensive study the reader is advised to look at the numerous original papers on the subject.