Article 48 of the Constitution guarantees the right of access to justice to every person in Kenya. This includes the residents of the Wajir North Constituency in Wajir County in the North Eastern Region. In Kenya access to justice is perceptively limited to formal institutions that are Courts of Law. However, in this constituency, access to justice is restricted due to geographical factors, institutional limitations, demographic biases, cultural differences and economic factors.1 Other factors that may hinder access to justice are mode of delivery of legal services and the nature of Court proceedings, including procedural requirements and language used in Court. The constitution of Kenya, as a progressive instrument, came to remedy these injustices. However, Wajir County has not caught up to its counterparts located in areas that were categorized as highly productive areas by the colonial government. The literacy levels are still low across the county with constituencies averaging less than 20 per cent. The community in Wajir North lead a nomadic lifestyle. This therefore means that building infrastructure to access ADR mechanism may still be rendered inaccessible. To fully harness ADR, traditional dispute resolution mechanisms must be integrated to formal channels and mainstreamed.

The study's objective was to assess the extent to which digital marketing affected Mombasa County consumers' decisions about the purchase of insurance services. The study's main pillars were the buyer behavior, reasoned action, and hierarchy of effects theories. Both a quantitative approach and a descriptive research methodology were used in the investigation. The study made use of first-hand data. This information was acquired using the drop-and-pick approach and questionnaires given to participants. The gathered data were examined for consistency, correctness, and redundancy. The study's conclusions show that Mombasa County insurance companies used digital marketing, which had a big impact on how consumers choose their products. Email marketing in particular had a big impact on how customers made purchasing decisions. Insurance companies should improve their email marketing campaigns since they have a significant impact on how consumers decide what to buy. Consumer purchasing decisions were significantly influenced by online advertising. The buying decision-making process among consumers increases as online advertising usage rises. Because online advertising directly affects consumers' purchase decisions, insurance businesses will gain more from it. The way that consumers made purchases was profoundly influenced by social media marketing. The number of consumers making purchases increases as social media marketing usage rises. Insurance companies can utilize social media marketing as a technique to attract new clients. The purchasing decision-making process of consumers was significantly impacted by mobile marketing. The number of consumers making purchases increases as mobile marketing usage rises. Increased use of mobile marketing by insurance companies will inevitably result in more clients. Finally, email marketing, web advertising, social media marketing, and mobile marketing can all successfully forecast customer purchasing decisions for insurance services in Mombasa County, Kenya. The study recommended a policy to be made with sound digital marketing procedures which can be integrated in the day to day operations of businesses so as to be able to boost the sales of fast moving consumer goods and thus improve revenue. Digital marketing is dynamic and vast, there is need for companies to be abreast with the changing modes of marketing. The study suggested further research to be undertaken for insurance firms in other countries. This would allow for a comparison of the study's findings with those of insurance companies operating throughout East Africa. This would also make it possible to generalize the results

Corporates operate in an increasingly volatile and dynamic environment where control is limited. Most affected by the volatility in local and international markets are manufacturing firms due to high cost of imported raw materials and foreign exchange shocks. I t behooves a corporate to control its internal factors to maximize returns and stay afloat. Capital structure is one of those factors that a corporate has considerable control over and its optimal composition can positively influence performance. The research was an inquiry into the nature and extent of the connection between capital structure and performance Kenyan manufacturing entities listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. Secondary data was gathered from the eight entities listed at the exchange as at 31st December 2021 Data collected was analyzed for descriptive and correlational characteristics using a regression model. Inferences drawn were to the effect that capital structure has a substantial impact on financial performance. Share capital, long-term debt and short-term debt affected performance positively while retained earnings affected performance negatively. The researcher recommends entities to use more leverage to fund operations and increase share capital but should reduce their retained earnings possibly by converting to share capital or increasing dividend payout ratio. The study recommends efficient working capital management to take advantage of short-term debt which displayed the highest beneficial impact

There is general consensus that contemporary African conflicts are fueled by the need to protect identity and are based on ethnicity, religion or the combination of the both. These conflicts start as latent with identity structural causes and if not resolved they have most often turned violent and protracted becoming more difficult to resolve. To this end, this study explored implications of religion intolerance on state security in Africa using Malawi as a case study, Lilongwe City to be specific. The study was anchored on Social Identity Theory which argues that groups or individuals dedicate themselves in protecting what they believe is in the best interest of the group to protect or further group identity. The study was more qualitative though some quantitative techniques were also incorporated. Apart from using secondary data, primary data was collected using questionnaire. Analysis involved content analysis for qualitative data and quantitative data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel software.Key findings of this study are that intolerance in Malawi is existent and is increasing over time with waves of violent events, thus negatively affecting state security. The policies and strategies in place now are less effective while some policies and strategies which could have been useful are non-existent. Resource constraints and contradicting irreconcilable beliefs are among some of the obstacles to effective implementation of the available policies and strategies. Uses of coercive measures to address religious intolerance have not been effective because they only address the surface while underlying causes remain intact. On the other hand, faith-based organizations have proved to be useful in addressing such issues. Overall, the study recommends that Malawi government; explore proactive measures that would address religious conflicts in their latent stages using non-coercive strategies and policies. The government should also provide sufficient resources for effective implementation of available policies and strategies. At the same time there is a need to fast track drafting new policies to cover gaps exposed by this study.

Change in strategy is generally key both in public and private sector because organizations are open systems hence interact with both internal and external environment. Whether we are dealing with a bank seeking greater profitbability or a County government department that is responsible for energy and seeks to enure the County has clean and renewable energy. Organizational change would be considered less important if the change would be managed easily and success guaranteed. Both the National and County governments in Kenya continue to initiate various changes so as to tackle challenges that affect service delivery. The objective of this study was to identify the strategic change adopted by Kisumu County Government for service delivery. The research design adopted was a case study because the emphasis was an intensive examination of the affairs of Kisumu County Government. Primary data was collected through an interview guide and targeted 10 seniour County government officials drawn from each of the County departments and are involved in policy formulation. Secondary data was collected through performance evaluation reports and county government publications. Data analysis was done through content data analysis. From the results, it was evident County Government of Kisumu has instituted various strategies to improve service delivery. The strategic change adopted was line with the 10 point agenda for change contained in the County Integrated Development Plan ( CIDP). Challenges affecting service delivery included: Huge wagebill which stands at 48 percent compared to the recommended 35 percent. Political interference and delays in getting funds from the national treasury. To overcome these challenges, the study recommends a staff review and early retirement for the aging workforce. Regular engagement with political leadership to get their buy in and reduce resistance during policy formuation process. The financial challenges could be addressed by seeking alternative sources of funding such as floating of infrastuructre bond though the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE) and enhancing public-private partnership in implementing key projects.

For a company to achieve good performance, it has to formulate and implement strategic planning practices to be able to survive in the turbulent, unpredicted and ever changing business environment. Strategic planning practices are formulated and implemented in an organization to enable it achieve its objectives and gain competitive advantage over its rivals .Though Limuru Tea Company has been in operations since 1895,it has received tough competition from other companies that produce and manufacture tea. The demand of quality tea has also increased through the years and this has necessitated the investigation on the current strategic planning practices and how they improve their performance .The objective of this study was to establish the influence of strategic planning practices on performance at Limuru Tea Company Limited. The study was anchored on stakeholders’ theory and resource based view theory. The study applied a case study research design. The study collected primary data through interviews from five top managers of Limuru Tea Public Limited Company. The study analyzed data using content analysis because qualitative data was collected from the interviews. The study established that Limuru Tea Public Limited Company measures organization performance through sales volume, profit margins, employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction and return on assets. The study findings showed that Limuru Tea Public Limited Company attained good performance by scanning the internal environment using SWOT analysis and scanning the external environment using PESTEL analysis which helps the organization to achieve good results. The study also established that Limuru Tea Public Limited Company has formulated an organization direction which is the mission, vision and objectives that has been communicated to all the stakeholders that enables them to work towards achieving the organizations objectives and this has helped the company achieve good results. The study established that the management of Limuru Tea Public Limited Company participates in the process of formulation of strategic planning practices and this participation has helped the company get good results. The study determined that strategic planning practices implementation, evaluation and review was very crucial in enabling an organization to get good results and survive in the turbulent business environment. Based on the findings, the study recommends that Limuru Tea Public Limited Company should be involved more in the analysis of external environment through PESTEL analysis, and analyzing the political environment by being close to politicians even if they are not involved in politics so as to gain more from the opportunities that may come from the elected politicians and this may include, donations , subsidies, waivers , exemptions and inclusions in their activities, this should help them get resources for production of tea. Secondly, this study recommends that the company should also invest heavily in research and development when formulating and implementing strategic planning practices because it’s the only way that should ensure the company is innovative and introduce new products and to improve on existing products. Thirdly the study also recommends that Limuru Tea Public Limited Company and other firms in the tea and beverage sector should engage all stakeholders and train them in terms of what is expected from them that should enable the organization achieve its objectives Finally this study recommends the academics on strategic management to give this findings consideration in their future endeavors of research so as to help organizations achieve good results.

Public procurement is a crucial market in any economy since it often uses a significant amount of a country's public income. Public procurement procedures are essential to the efficacy and efficiency of development expenditures. Public organisations have continually had to encounter business-related problems like acquiring timely and highly reliable data and information, data-processing in the course of business transactions, storage of data using convenient means, and also retrieval mechanisms that enable prompt decision-making and adequate management control of the organisation. This study aimed to assess the influence of supply chain process digitalization on the effectiveness of procurement transactions among parastatals. The study was anchored on the following theories; digital efficiency theory and the technology acceptance model theory. An interview guide was used as a data collection instrument targeting 20 senior employees of the Kenya Rural Roads Authority. The data collected was analyzed using content analysis. The study established data consolidation, staff digital proficiency and public procurement information portal has a positive and significant effect on the efficiency of the procurement transactions. It was established that data consolidation has made the data and information available, timely and easily accessible, staff digital proficiency has enabled the organization to reduce the time spent to perform tasks, reduce error and increase the productivity and public procurement information portal has enabled the organization to retrieve summarized information easily and interact with various stakeholders through the internet platform. The study concludes that supply chain process digitalization has a positive effect on the efficiency of procurement transactions at Kenya Rural Roads Authority. The study recommends that the management of the Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KeRRA) to effectively prepare employees through training before implementation of technologies in the organization and that policy makers in the National Treasury and Public Procurement Regulatory Authority should increase the amount of budgetary allocation at KeRRA for the implementation of the current supply chain process technologies and training of the employees. Future studies should focus on different approach rather than case study and the use of statistical approaches to draw the conclusion of the study.

The accessibility to highest achievable standards of health is identified as a basic human right (WHO, 1978). Over the years there has been global, regional and local focus to improve accessibility to health care. The sustainable development goal (SDG) 3 aims to safeguard the lives of individuals of all ages and ensure their wellbeing.(United Nations, 2022). Locally, President Uhuru Kenyatta declared in 2017 the commitment of the government to improve the lives of Kenyans through the Big Four action plan. Amongst the plan was to attain universal health coverage through scale up of NHIF uptake. As various policies are formulated to increase demand for health care and subsequently improvement health status then it becomes necessary to have a critical look at the health system arises. Amongst Kenya’s counties is Kiambu county which manages 108 health facilities. In the year 2018/2019, Kiambu county approved budget for the health department was over Ksh. 5.92 billion against a total county budget of Ksh. 17.89 billion which translates 33.4% of the total budget of Kiambu county. Despite this high allocation, the county grapples with inadequate health resources resulting in a challenge in health service provision (County Government of Kiambu, 2018). The main purpose of this research was to evaluate technical efficiency of county managed level 4 and level 5 hospitals in Kiambu County for the year 2019. The specific objectives were to determine the relative technical efficiency of the county government managed hospitals in Kiambu County. Additionally, the factors that have an effect on the technical efficiency of the county government hospitals in Kiambu County were to be determined. The findings of these objectives were to be used provide policy options. The study used a two-part model of output- ix oriented Data Envelopment Analysis and subsequently Ordinary Least Squares regression analysis which was employed to establish the factors influencing technical efficiency of these hospitals. The study revealed that only 2 (15%) hospitals of the assessed facilities showed a CRS technical efficiency score of 1 and 6 (46.2%) had VRS technical efficiency score of 1. Of the assessed hospitals, 8 (61.5%) exhibited decreasing returns to scale and 23.1% of the assessed hospitals exhibited increasing returns to scale. Moreover, the research study showed no zero correlation between technical efficiency and size of hospital, catchment population, type of hospital and location of hospital. The research proposes improvement of technical efficiency of Kiambu county public hospitals through by emulating best practices of the technically efficient hospitals. Additionally, the redistribution of excess resources is also proposed. An investigation into the health care services utilization of the population is recommended.

A genealogical reconstruction of any language is geared towards the formulation of a protolanguage. The reconstruction of a target language is largely dependent on the current use of its presumed varieties or dialects. In this case, the genealogical reconstruction of the Proto-Luluhyia language was possible through consideration of its dialects. The existing literature shows that genealogical reconstruction of a proto-language for all Luluhyia dialects had not been done. It was, therefore, necessary for a study to be undertaken to genealogically reconstruct Proto-Luluhyia language for all dialects under it. The study was guided by three objectives: establish the genealogical relatedness of the Luluhyia dialects, genealogically reconstruct Proto-Luluhyia language and determine phonological, semantic and morphological variations of Luluhyia dialects. The study was guided by the genetic hypothesis theory. The study employed qualitative method in which ethnography design was applicable. The researcher collected open-ended, emerging data with the primary intent of developing themes from the data. Sample in this study was selected from the native speakers of the Luluhyia dialects who formed the target population. The sample size of 170 respondents was used with each of the 17 Luluhyia dialects represented by 10 subjects. All the 17 Luluhyia dialects were purposively involved in the study for the purpose of reconstructing an all inclusive Proto-Luluhyia language. Purposive sampling technique was also used in the selection of subjects from each dialect. The main instrument of data collection in this study was interview. The comparative method was involved in data analysis, especially in the reconstruction of the Proto-Luluhyia language after transcription being done. The study contributes new knowledge in the fields of Sociolinguistics and Historical Linguistics. The study established that the Luluhyia dialects are genealogically related. It was shown through resemblance of cognate forms cutting across the dialects in the vocabulary areas involving naming systems, days of the week, human body parts, domestic animals and historical origin that the Luluhyia dialects are genealogically related. Generally, orthographically, the Luluhyia dialects appear the same to the ears of non-native speakers. However, to a linguist certain variations are noticeable. These variations are though limited and do not entirely cut across the Luluhyia dialects. Reconstruction of the Proto-Luluhyia language was genealogically done based on the current use of the Luluhyia dialects in the vocabulary areas mention above. Phonological similarities of the cognate forms played a key role in the identification of the sounds to be reconstructed and subsequent reconstruction of the lexical items of the Proto-Luluhyia language.