In recent times, Islamic religion has been expanding rapidly at the global, regional and local levels. The presence of this religion in Nandi County and its evidence of growth raise the need to know more about it. Its origin, however, spread and impact on Nandi traditional religion and culture, has not been the subject of scholarly research. It is this gap that the study intended to fill. The specific objectives were: to investigate the origins and spread of Islam in Nandi County, 1850-2012; to establish the impact of Islam on Nandi traditional religion and culture in Nandi County; to analyze factors that contributed to the acceptance or rejection of the Islamic religion by the Nandi people and to establish the challenges facing its spread. Cross-cultural and Islamization theories were applied in collecting data and bridging the gap in knowledge. Further, the study utilized both qualitative design and the surveying data collection methods to arrive at the findings. It was noted however that the spread of Islamic religion was affected by various factors among them socio cultural, economic and religious and doctrinal this are just but a few factors which and challenged the spread of Islam in Nandi. The findings of the study will be used in understanding proselytism in a cross-cultural context and promotion of inter-faith dialogue; they will also be applied by government policy-makers and other stakeholders in addressing the development agenda for Nandi County particularly, in areas of education, cultural heritage and religion.

Firms opt to raise additional funds from rights issue so that they have an optimal capital structure, avoid breaching debt covenants and enhance the long-term liquidity of the business. This research sought to establish the effects of rights issue on shareholder wealth of firms listed at the NSE. The study focused on the firm size, dividends and leverage as determinants of shareholder wealth. The focus of the study was between 2008 and 2020 when most companies issued rights at the NSE. This study is an event study which uses a descriptive research design. The objective of the study was to establish the effects of rights issue on shareholders’ wealth for NSE listed firms. Different researchers across the globe have found mixed results and hence it was essential to focus on the firms listed at NSE as it was majorly an unexplored research area and also to update with recent data. From the 65 firms listed at the NSE during 2008-2020 there were 12 firms that issued rights. The study sourced data from secondary sources mainly mid-year or end year financial reports published at the CMA, NSE, and the firm websites. From the model developed, data was collected at intervals of 2- year prior and 4-year post rights issue. Shareholder wealth was determined as a function of firm size, leverage and dividends. Statistical analysis was done to determine how the independent and dependant variables behave when there is a unit change in one element. Using the market value added ratios the study found that the mean MVA reduced with rights issue from 19.48417 to 18.8634. From the regression analysis, fixed effects model showed an R squared value (within) of 0.6750 in the pre-issue period and 0.7199 for the post-issue period. This indicated that rights issue strengthened the effect of determinants of shareholder’s wealth among listed firms in Kenya. This indicated that firm size, leverage and dividends as determinants of shareholder wealth contributed largely to the changes in MVA of listed firms that issued rights.The study infers that rights issue has a negative effect on shareholder wealth on NSE listed firms. The study recommends that listed firms in Kenya to raise capital from other sources. Further research is recommended on other factors influencing shareholder’s wealth other than rights issue; different time period like 5 years; other measures like economic value added as measure of shareholders’ wealth; and use of a different methodology in either bull or bear market conditions.

The manufacturing industry has been worst affected by numerous taxation measures implemented by the government. These taxes and levies include; corporate tax, VAT, excise duty, custom duty, fire license, occupancy and safety permit, public health license, signage/branding license, among other taxes and fees. These taxes and levies have made it complex to operate a manufacturing business in Kenya. They have increased the cost of doing business and many investors have looked for alternative destination for their investments. In the same respect, other investors have closed their manufacturing operations in Kenya for alternative markets leading to loss of jobs, foreign direct investment, market rating and tax revenues. This research sought to bring out the effect of multiple taxation on financial performance among listed manufacturing firms at the NSE. The research established the effect of corporate tax, excise duty and custom duty on financial performance among listed manufacturing firms. Firm size, liquidity and leverage were used as the control variables in the model. Descriptive research design was used. The 9 listed manufacturing firms were the target population. Research variables data were derived from audited company's annual financial statements from 2016 to 2020. Regression and correlation analysis were used to test the study hypotheses by establishing the correlation between multiple taxation and performance. The results indicated R2 of 0.481 which implied that the selected independent variables contributed 48.1% to variations in performance. The study also found that corporate tax (β=0.210, p=0.000); and Firm size has a significant positive effect on performance (β=0.422, p=0.000) while leverage (β=-0.156, p=0.009) had a negative and significant relationship with financial performance among listed manufacturing firms. Excise duty, custom duty, and liquidity were not statistically significant. The study recommends that the corporate tax being levied on listed manufacturing firms should remain in place as it does not adversely affect performance of manufacturing firms. Manufacturing firms listed at the NSE should diligently pay the corporate taxes due as this will enhance their performance.

The study looked to analyze the impact of micro-finance on monetary execution of little and medium endeavors in Kwale County. The targets of the study were: to decide the impact of miniature preparing on monetary execution of SME in Kwale County; to decide the impact of miniature credit on monetary execution of SME in Kwale County; to decide the impact of miniature saving money on monetary execution of SME in Kwale County and to decide the impact of miniature protection on monetary execution of SME in Kwale County. The study was additionally directed by 3 hypotheses specifically, hierarchy hypothesis, asset based hypothesis and dynamic compromise hypothesis. The study embraced a graphic exploration plan, an objective populace of 813 SME administrators in Kwale County, concentrate on example was acquired utilizing Yamane's examining recipe subsequently 274 SME chiefs were occupied with this study. Examination information was gathered utilizing essential and auxiliary apparatuses. Essential examination instruments were tried for legitimacy and unwavering quality before investigation and show of discoveries. Information was dissected utilizing expressive and inferential measurements utilizing SPSS and introduced in tables and diagrams. Study discoveries set up a positive connection between miniature credit, miniature preparing, miniature protection and miniature reserve funds and monetary execution of Small and Medium ventures in Kwale County. It was hence reasoned that; microfinance emphatically impact the monetary exhibition of little and medium undertakings in Kwale County. The study suggested for preparing of SME managers on the various loans offered by microfinance so that they can choose wisely based on the need and ability to repay to discourage loan defaults. The study also recommended for continuity of training to ensure that SME managers are able to carry their businesses through all business cycles, it was noted that training services are offered only when a customer seeks credit. Furthermore, microfinance managers should also encourage SME to save more with them so that they can be liquid and buy shares in the financial institutions and discourage savings as a basis of acquiring a loan. Lastly, microfinance managers should educate their customers on the importance of insurance into their businesses, during the study many respondents indicated that they take insurance but see it as a liability as they do not claim funds contributed

The promulgation of the Kenyan Constitution in the year 2010 heralded a new dawn for the recognition “of the right to health as a socio-economic right and thus justiciable. The Constitutional underpinning of this right is Article 43 (1) (b) of the Constitution of Kenya that provides that every person has a right to the highest attainable standard of health, which includes the right to health care services, including reproductive health care.” The Constitution of Kenya envisages that full realization of highest standards of health by Kenyans is progressive. It is dependent on availability of resources, among others. This study explores the crucial role of state in promoting realization of the right to health in Kenya, lapses in the existing legal framework that poses threat to Kenyan’s bid to access medicine hence undermine the right to health realization. The study makes an in-depth discussion of the role of traditional medicine and knowledge on it in promoting right to health and makes a case for an integration of traditional medicine into the conventional health care system to improve access owing to its affordability, accessibility to majority of Kenyans and contribution to the knowledge of the present scientists. Its integration can also ensure it meets the acceptable quality for safe use. As Kenya executes plan of action of the World Health Organization (WHO) on, interalia, public health, there are myriad of challenges that stifles the attainment of the right to health and which if addressed can enable millions of Kenyans to access medicine and thus realize right to health. The discussion in various chapters informs recommendations for reforms.

Access to land justice is the ability of marginalised communities confront, manage daily legal problems and seek redress and demands for their rights in land which is a key element of sustainable development. However, access to justice in land is a growing problem in Kenya for marginalised groups mainly due to institutional and structural challenges. The creation of the Environment and Land Court (ELC) by Kenya‟s 2010 Constitution (CoK) and the Environment and Land Court Act (ELCA) was considered as transforming access to land justice. The ELC was envisaged to use its expertise as an effective and efficient tool to enable expeditious and cost-effective access to land justice. However, this has not happened due to various barriers of poverty, complex laws and technicalities of procedure, lack of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) legal framework, backlog of cases, corruption in the Courts, lack of knowledge of rights, physical access and bias towards women, the youth and persons with disabilities (PWDs) and the lack of political will and commitment. The study used two research methods to collect and analyse data. First, was desktop review of secondary and primary data to analyse the variables. Secondly, a comparative study was done of some best practices namely: Queensland, New South Wales (NSW) and South Africa which revealed that Kenya had a number of lessons to learn on how the marginalised groups can access land justice. In particular, financial autonomy and independence, enactment of ADR laws and mandatory mediation, comprehensive jurisdiction including criminal and human rights, public participation and the creation of monitoring and measuring tools for access to land justice. In conclusion challenges in access to land justice in Kenya would only be achieved if the institutional and structural challenges in the entire justice delivery system would be addressed. Some recommendations offered revolved around the enactment of an ADR legal framework, enhancement of legal aid, expand jurisdiction of the ELC to deal with environmental crimes and human right issues, financial autonomy and independence of the judiciary, employment more judges and developing a monitoring tool for access to land justice.