countries have faced a number of difficulties. Experience has shown that when donors withdraw its support, particularly financial support, community water borehole initiatives typically don't function well and don't continue. Stakeholder participation strategies used correctly will increase the likelihood that projects will succeed by staying on budget, on time, and with outstanding results. Thus,itheipurposeiofithisistudyiwasitoiinvestigate how stakeholder participation influences community water borehole initiatives in Kenya's Kibra Sub-County. The following objectives served as a guide for the study: to determine the impact of stakeholder resource mobilization, stakeholder monitoring and evaluation, and stakeholder planning programs on theiperformanceioficommunityiwateriboreholeiprojects in Kenya'siKibraiSub-County.iTheistudyiutilizediaicross-sectionalisurveyidesign. The unit of analysisiconsistediofi33icommunityiwateriboreholeiprojectsithatiwere completediinithei2011 to 2021 financial years. The target population of 395 composed of representatives of borehole management committee, Nairobi County Water and Sewerage Company officials, community leaders chosen from the Nyumba kumi initiatives, NGOs, and development partners involved in water projects in Kibra Sub-County. Aisampleiofi106irespondentsiwasiused. The study employeditheistratifiedirandomisamplingitechniqueitoichooseitheisample members. The studyiusediself-administerediquestionnairesitoigatheriprimaryidata.iDataianalysis was done with SPSS Version 25.0. For all the quantitative data, descriptive statistics, such as frequency and percentages, mean scores, and standard deviations, were computed whereas inferential statistics was used to confirm any significant relationships. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data from the open-ended questions. The research found that it was not certain whether the Nairobi county water and sewerage company officials mobilizes resources for community water borehole projects and that NGOs and development partners’ officials mobilize for resources community water borehole projects. Theistudyifound that majorityiofitheistakeholdersiwereisomewhatiinvolvediinitheimonitoringiandievaluation for theicommunityiwateriboreholeiprojectsiiniKibraiSub-County.iTheistudy concluded that stakeholderiplanningiprogramsihaditheigreatestiinfluenceioniperformanceiof community wateriboreholeiprojectsiiniKibraisub-county,iNairobiiCounty,iKenya, followed by stakeholderimonitoringiandievaluation,iandithenistakeholderiresourceimobilizationihad the leastiinfluenceioniperformanceioficommunityiwateriboreholeiprojectsiiniKibraisub-county, NairobiiCounty,iKenya.iTheistudyirecommendsithatitheilocalicommunity should be mobilizedisoiasitoibuildianiinterestiiniparticipatingiduringiprojectiplanning activities. The projectileadersishouldialsoibeitransparentiinitheiridealingsiwithitheimembers of the communityiandicalliforiregularimeetingsiwhereitheiprojectibeneficiariesiareibriefedion the sustainabilityieffortsiandichallengesiahead.iTheistudyialsoirecommendsithatithereiis need for theicommunityitoibeiinvolvediinimonitoringiandievaluationiofitheiprojects. This can be by ensuringithatitheicommunityimembersiareiincludediiniprojectiprogress briefs and maintaining feedback lines (reports, social audits).

Finding out how Kenya's trade level and system from the perspective interact was the study's main goal. The investigation particularly examined the connection test of exchange rate and import volume in Kenya so that to examine the effects of intervening variables including domestic income, terms of trade, and pricing, as well as to offer policy concerns for those variables. The secondary data collected for the study spans the years 1980 through 2020. The UN published directory, IFS, KNBS, global development indicators and the IMF which provided the data for the study. The study used time series analysis (KNBS). The investigation results demonstrated that the exchange rate affected Kenya's import volume. As the value of Kenyan shillings comparative to the US dollar rises, so does the volume of imports. The ability of local businesses to purchase items from other nations is implied by a growth in the value of the shilling. In contrast, a decline in the worth of the shilling results in a decrease in the volume of imports as local businesses lose their ability to finance the importation of goods into the nation. According to the study, terms of trade and GDP had an impact on the connection between Kenya's import volume and the exchange rate. When the terms of trade are advantageous, imports increase. Conversely, when the conditions of trade worsen, export quantities decline and the value of Kenyan Shillings falls. A rising GDP indicates a strong Kenyan shilling in relation to the US dollar, which causes imports to rise. As a result, while creating decisions and policies, it is important to take into account both the GDP and terms of trade give the link between the exchange rate and the volume of imports. Kenya was therefore recommended to decrease its imports while raising its exports by depreciating its currency. Due to the deflation of the domestic currency and the increasing competitiveness of Kenyan goods on international markets, the amount of imports would decline. Export growth will support the development of the nation's economy. Therefore, in order to raise inflation in the country, the rate of currency devaluation should be maintained. The research also recommended that Kenya's government bargain for improved terms of trade for our agricultural products with both present and potential new markets. The Kenyan government has to reopen markets for our items like khat and increase exports of goods with value addition. The increase in Kenya's exchange rate should be adopted as a instrument to improve trade agreements and, as a result, promote exports.

Listed non-financial companies are essential to a nation's economic development and prosperity. The expansion of an area's economy will be constrained by the absence of a vibrant non-financial sector. Companies in the sector will profit more from having an optimum and advantageous capital structure, including cost savings. The study's goal was to investigate the relationship between publicly traded non-financial firms' capital structures and their financial performance. The study's dependent variable was ROA, which is determined by dividing net income by total assets. Leverage was determined using the debt ratio. The natural log of all the assets was used to calculate size. Liquidity was assessed using the current asset to current liability ratio. Operating costs are compared to gross revenue to measure efficiency. The research concentrated on 40 non-financial companies listed on the NSE. Annual secondary data collection occurred for five years (January 2017 to December 2021). A descriptive design was used to analyze the study's factors. The analysis was carried out using SPSS software. The profitability of the NSE listed non-financial firms was positively and statistically significantly impacted by firm size and liquidity, whereas the profitability was negatively and statistically significantly impacted by capital structure. The report exhorts listed non-financial enterprises to strive for the greatest possible capital structure, improve liquidity, and increase efficiency because these qualities have a major impact on profitability.

One of the counties in Kenya, and probably all of Africa, with the strongest public involvement framework, is Makueni County. To ensure that the public is sufficiently involved in county development goals, the World Bank has advised other County Governments in Kenya to adopt the approach. However, according to the county officials in charge of public participation in the county, little study has been done to look at how public engagement is affected by communication tactics. This study sought to examine the influence of communication strategies in enhancing public participation. Makueni County Government has adopted the framework for public participation; however, there is limited information on how that framework has impacted the implementation of the county development agenda. Specifically, to; assess the influence of audience representation, communication content control, and communication feedback mechanisms in enhancing public participation on the county development agenda. The study was anchored on the communicative planning theory and employed a cross-sectional approach using a descriptive survey design. The target population for this study comprised county officials leading the implementation of the county development agenda, the county communication department, and local community members in Makueni County. Stratified sampling techniques were employed to select respondents from among the population where a total of 100 respondents were sampled. Data were collected using questionnaires, interview schedules, and focus group discussions. To analyze quantitative data, frequency distribution tables, percentages and frequencies were used. The findings indicated that the main modes of communication are arranged meetings, public notices, posters, print media, provincial administration, radio stations, brochures and flyers, and the public address system. To avoid content distortion there is a clear work structure on who will handle such information, how it will reach the target, and where and when it will be shared. Feedback is achieved through development committees, representatives, emails and replies back, and the use of bulk SMS on the venue and activities. Lack of political goodwill from some departments, thus bypassing the development committees and giving into the field, role conflict among employees, little or sometimes no facilitation, and allowances for public participation programs make it difficult for the involved promoters and political influence are among the challenges facing promotion of public participation. The is a need to enhance, strengthen and increase communication channels and structures to allow every member of the society to acquire information regarding county public participation programmes and contribute to the county development particularly to those community members leaving in remote areas. Budgetary allocations for facilitating public participation ought to be set aside and an increase in the amount to ensure that all possible channels of communication are utilized to enhance attendance in public participation through the provision of allowance (food and transport) and other forms of incentives to facilitate the meetings. Stakeholders should be engaged at all stages of service delivery to ensure that public participation evokes the desired impact and to continuously monitor communication to ensure that communication is always guided, and timely. Civic education on related projects should be timely and properly conducted to ensure that citizens acquaint themselves with relevant technical knowledge before their opinion is sought.

Larger firms’ performance is expected to be better than for smaller entities. This is due to their ability to harness market power and existence of economies of scale and scope. By attracting more customers, increasing the asset base and issuing new loans banks grow in size. As these banks grow, their performance improves and their risk diminishes (Joleski, 2017). Theoretically, it is expected that: the larger the bank, the higher the performance and the lower the risks associated with doing business. This study sought to investigate how firm size influences the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The independent variable for the research was firm size measured using natural logarithm of total assets. Credit risk, liquidity and capital adequacy were the control variables while the dependent variable was financial performance measured using ROA. The study was guided by stakeholder theory, financial intermediation theory as well as behavioural theory of firm growth. Descriptive research design was utilized in this research. The 41 commercial banks in Kenya as at December 2021 served as target population. The study collected secondary data for five years (2017-2021) on an annual basis from CBK and individual banks annual reports. Descriptive, correlation as well as regression analysis were undertaken and outcomes offered in tables followed by pertinent interpretation and discussion. The research conclusions yielded a 0.604 R square value implying that 60.4% of changes in banks ROA can be described by the four variables chosen for this research. The multivariate regression analysis further revealed that individually, firm size has a positive and significant effect on ROA of banks (β=0.484, p=0.000). Credit risk exhibited a negative effect on ROA of banks as shown by (β=-0.346, p=0.000). Liquidity and capital adequacy exhibited a positive and significant influence on ROA of banks in Kenya as shown by (β=0.318, p=0.000) and (β=0.282, p=0.000) respectively. The study recommends the need for banks to grow their asset base as this will enable them to enjoy economies of scale leading to a rise in financial performance. The policy makers such as CBK should come up with policy guidelines to direct firms on ways to enhance their asset base without risking their financial performance.

The study’s purpose was to assess stakeholder participation in ward development road projects in Westland Sub-County, Kenya. The study also sought to assess the level of stakeholders’ participation in planning of road construction Ward development projects in Westland Sub-County; examine the level of stakeholders’ participation in collection of data in road construction Ward development projects in Westland Sub-County; establish the level of stakeholders’ participation in analysis of data in road construction Ward development projects within Westland Sub-County; and examine extent of stakeholders participation in documentation, reporting and sharing of information in road construction Ward development projects in Westland Sub-County. This study adopted cross-sectional quantitative research design. The target population was all 8 project managers, 8 community leaders (village elders) 5 ward representatives, 8 beneficiaries’ representatives and 5 Members of County Assembly in Westland Sub-County, Kenya. Moreover, the study utilized census approach hence the entire population was used in the research. Moreover, the researcher utilized primary data, which was gathered via semi-structured questionnaires. Moreover, the questionnaires generated quantitative and qualitative data. Furthermore, thematic analysis was deployed in analyzing qualitative data and findings presented in narrative form. Moreover, descriptive statistics were deployed in quantitative data analysis with the help of SPSS version 24 statistical software. The study found that there was low stakeholders’ participation in the planning for PM&E in road construction Ward development projects in Westlands Sub-County. In addition, the study established that there was low participation of stakeholders in the collection of data in road construction Ward development projects within Westlands Sub-County. Further, the study established that stakeholders were lowly engaged in analysis of data in the collection of data in road construction Ward development projects in Westlands Sub-County. The study further revealed that there was low stakeholder participation in documentation, reporting and sharing of information in road construction Ward development projects within Westlands Sub-County. The study recommends that the stakeholders in road construction Ward development projects in Westlands Sub-County should participate in M&E activities including planning, gathering of data, analysis of gathered data as well as documentation, reporting and sharing information.

Today's uncertain and unpredictable situations in the environment are characterized by fast change. There is intense rivalry in the insurance market, therefore businesses operating in this sector need to implement competitive tactics to give themselves an edge. This study set out to examine Heritage Insurance’s competitive strategies and its perceived influence on the performance of the company. The research was anchored on two key theories, Industrial Organization Economics theory and the Dynamic Capabilities theory. Information was gathered through conducting interviews based on the interview guide that had been developed. Primary data was collected, and which was supplemented by secondary data which included the strategic plan, company minutes and relevant published magazines and newsletters published by the company. Content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data that had been gathered. According to the findings, the company employs a number of different competitive strategies in order to maintain an edge over its rivals. Product differentiation, cost leadership, product development, market penetration, and technology are all used as competitive tactics. The study findings suggest that Heritage Insurance company has enormous opportunities they can seize with its present capabilities and plans. Hence, in order to expand the business and be the pioneer of the market, it has to devote more resources and capital funds. According to the results, leading businesses understand the need of adopting competitive tactics to maintain their position in the market. Companies that successfully develop and execute competitive strategies have an edge in the market and are better equipped to hold on to their current clientele. The study recommends that the company to adopt innovative technologies that will enable it to exploit new markets in the fiercely competitive insurance sector environment.

Volatility of foreign exchange rate (FX) is unsolved gap in research, FX and other macroeconomic variables have significant influence on the Kenyan economic growth. The study sought to determine the association between selected macro-economic variables and FX in Kenya. Among key theories reviewed in this study included Interest Rate Parity, Purchasing Power Parity and Ricardian theories. This paper adopted use of a correlational research design and collected secondary data based on quarterly data for sixteen years between 2006 and 2021. Data was collected from the World Bank Development indicators and the Central Bank of Kenya. The study used both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Dialogistic tests of normality, heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity and serial correlation were done. The outcomes depict a negative effect of interest rate on FX. Further, inflation rate had a positive but insignificant effect while GDP growth rate had a negative insignificant effect on FX. Money supply on the other hand had a positive effect on FX. The study concluded that interest rate has a negative effect on FX in Kenya. It also concluded that money supply has a positive effect on FX in Kenya. Inflation rate and GDP growth rate have no substantial effect on FX in Kenya. The recommendations include the development of policies by the state that would increase the lending rate; increase the GDP growth rate optimally; and reduce money supply within the country hence reducing the rate at which the Kenya Shilling exchanges with USD. The government policies that would increase lending rate in Kenya, would lead to decreased FX of KSh to USD. The government should also come up with policies that would increase GDP growth rate optimally; and reduce money supply within the country hence reducing rate at which Kenya Shilling exchanges with USD. From the research, future studies could be done on different timespans; and other macroeconomic variables influencing Kenyan FX against USD and different measures of FX.

Behavioural biases naturally affect real estate investment decision. It may be very detrimental to an investor's fortune to let one's behavioral biases impact their decision-making process. Because of the inherent prejudices that are programmed into our minds and bodies, human people are prone to making judgments that are not in their best interests (Gordon, 2011). An investor is presumed to be normal in behavioural finance. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of behavioural biases on real estate investment decisions by agents in Shenzhen, China. A sample of 42 real estate agents operating in Shenzhen China was selected. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered. Five distinct biases were analyzed. Overconfidence, Frame Dependence, Herding Effect and Mental Accounting. In order to determine how much agents in Shenzhen's real estate market are influenced by their own behavioral biases while making financial investments, a regression study was conducted (China). By examining the beta values, we can see that the herding bias and overconfidence bias both negatively impacted the choice to invest in real estate, while the frame reliance bias and mental accounting prejudice both positively impacted the choice. The effect of herding bias (t-value = -2.452, p-value= 0.014), overconfidence bias (t-value = -3.889, p-value= 0.000), frame dependence bias (t-value = 3.437, p-value= 0.001) and mental accounting bias (t-value = 4.239, p-value= 0.000) were found out to be statistically significant as confirmed by the high t-values and p-values of less than 0.05. The research found a significant correlation (R-value = 0.729) between the four common cognitive biases (herding, overconfidence, representativeness, and mental accounting) and the real estate investment choices made by Shenzhen real estate agents. Adjusted R Square score of 0.525 indicates that irrational beliefs and biases account for 52.5% of the total variation in Shenzhen real estate agents' investing choices. Additionally, the research found that representative bias and mental accounting bias had a negative and statistically significant influence on individual investment decision making, but herding bias and overconfidence bias had no effect. It followed that an increase in herding bias and overconfidence bias would lead to worse individual investment decisions, whereas an increase in representative bias and mental accounting bias would lead to much better decisions. The research found that representativeness bias is one of the most prevalent biases influencing investing decision-making due to the fact that individuals tend to make choices based on preconceived notions or past and anticipated securities price movements. According to the findings, real estate professionals should be aware of and prepared to deal with cognitive biases, and they should also use effective allocation procedures to calculate the relative risk and reward of potential investments.