In this project, we are designing an automated bushera making machine. We are using an Atmega328P micro controller that is available on an arduino UNO board. In the project, we have two containers in which one is where the water is boiled and the other is where the Bushera is mixed from. The circuit is powered by a 12V source and a heater is powered by a 240V supply source. When the start button is pressed, the boiling of the water starts as well the mixing of flour with cold water which is done by a 12V DC motor. The mixing of the flour goes on for 30 seconds and stops as the boiling of water continues till the temperature sensor (TMP36) detects 100ͦc as the temperature of the boiling water. At this point, the heater turns off, the motor starts stirring as the valve opens to let the hot water pour into the mixed flour. The stirring goes on for 2minutes and at the end of this, the bushera is ready for consumption.

The Lubigi Drainage Channel is heavily silted with sediments which have choked the channel and reduced its discharge capacity resulting in frequent flooding of the surrounding areas during periods of heavy rains. The main objective of the study was to develop a desilting plan for the Lubigi Drainage Channel which when adopted will help to reduce on the challenges faced due to the inadequate and ineffective operation and maintenance practices being used. The methodology used involved adaptation of the Karim and Kennedy Formula to determine the sediment loading rate. Four samples for the compacted bedload and four samples for the bouncing bedload were obtained from the identified points along the channel for use in determining the different parameters of the formula which include bulk density, mean particle diameter and specific gravity obtained through laboratory tests on the sediment samples. The average sediment loading rates for the compacted bedload and bouncing bedload were 6076.18 m3/day and 1547.85 m3/day which gave desilting intervals of 13 days and 50 days respectively. Since desilting after 13 days is rather uneconomical, a desilting interval of 50 days was adopted in developing the proposed operation, maintenance and de-silting plan, implying that it is required to de-silt the channel section 7 times a year at a total cost of 245 million (UGX) annually. In conclusion, it was established that the channel experiences a very high sedimentation rate of about 27kg/s due to the fine soil particles (i.e. silty sands) which are easily eroded and deposited by storm runoff into the channel. In order to curb this problem, it is recommended that further studies be carried out to identify how this maintenance plan can be implemented and enforced on the channel. This should be done including the creation of an enforcement unit along the channel, giving of hefty fines and penalties, and sensitization of the community in order to reduce the disposal of domestic and sewage waste into the channel.

Background: Neonatal anaemia affects 20-25% of newborn babies worldwide. Anaemia occurring with other comorbidities such as birth asphyxia, sepsis and RDS is associated with increased mortality. Risk factors such as maternal anaemia, malaria parasetemia during pregnancy and bleeding have been linked with neonatal anaemia. The data describing the burden and risk factors for neonatal anaemia in Uganda are scarce. There are no studies done in Uganda showing the burden and causes of neonatal anaemia. Documenting the factors associated with neonatal anaemia was going to help clinicians identify neonates at risk of anaemia and thus a practical step towards reducing the high neonatal mortality. General Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with anaemia among neonates admitted in Kawempe National Referral Hospital. Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study of neonates admitted to Kawempe National Referral Hospital. 378 neonates were recruited into the study. Data on prenatal, natal and demographic factors was collected. Standardized history and physical examination was done to assess for risks and features of anaemia. Blood was collected for complete blood count, bilirubin levels and peripheral blood film. “Anaemia” was expressed as a percentage of those who had Hb level <14g/dl (for the term babies) and more than 2 SD for age for the preterm babies (<16.5g/dl for those <14days and <10.8 for those >14days), to the total number of neonates that were eligible for the study. Multivariate logistic regression models were computed to assess for factors associated with anaemia. Results: Between November 2019-January 2020, we enrolled a total of 378 neonates into the study. Of these, 197/378(52.1%) were male. The median age was 12days old [interquartile range (IQR) 4 – 15] while 95/378 (25.1%) were preterm babies. The prevalence of anaemia was 27.0% (102/378) 95%CI (22.57 – 31.76). Of the 102 babies with anaemia, 16.6% (17/102) were found to have severe anaemia (Hb < 10g/dl), 32.3% (33/102) were moderately anemic (Hb 10.1-12.0g/dl) and 51.0% (52/102) were mildly anemic (Hb 12.1-14.0g/dl). Microcytic anaemia was found in 52.9% (54/102) of the neonates. Gestational age (<32 weeks) (aOR = 3.66, 95%CI 1.211 - 11.082, p = 0.021, maternal age >35 years (aOR = 9.24, 95%CI 1.135 – 75.213, p = 0.038), hyperbilirubinemia (indirect bilirubin) (aOR = 2.31, 95%CI 1.123 - 4.925, p = 0.042) and extremely low birth weight were associated with increasing odds of having anaemia among neonates. Being born full term with a normal birth weight were associated with reduced odds of anaemia among the neonates. Conclusion and recommendation This study showed that neonatal anaemia affects 1 in 4 neonates among neonates admitted in Kawempe National Referral Hospital. Indirect hyperbilirubinemia, highlighting possible hemolysis was associated with increased odds of anaemia. Babies born preterm, and having a low birth weight are more likely to also have anaemia. We recommend routine assessment of anaemia among preterm and low birth weight babies to enable early detection and guidance on its management to prevent morbidity and mortality.

Africa has a high prevalence of both human immunodeficiency virus and non-communicable diseases but in Uganda there are few data on co-morbid non-communicable diseases like diabetes mellitus among HIV patients on anti-retroviral therapy. No study has reported the magnitude of diabetes mellitus among HIV patients on ART in northern Uganda. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes mellitus among HIV patients on anti-retroviral therapy at Gulu Regional Referral Hospital, Northern Uganda. A cross sectional study was carried out in February 2020 among 170 HIV patients who had been on anti-retroviral therapy for 1 year and above was recruited. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire guide, a fasting blood sugar levels were tested using a validated one touch select glucometer, descriptive statistics was used to determine the prevalence while bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to assess risk factors associated with Diabetes mellitus. The overall diabetes prevalence among HIV patients was 18.8% with males at 23.4%. While the prevalence among those who reside in urban areas was 23.3% and 20.8% among the patients who were under 35-44 age category. Married patients accounted for 18.9% while 20% were obese. The prevalence of patients whose duration on anti-retroviral therapy was above 5years was 23.6% while 14.7% was among those who were on anti-retroviral therapy for greater than 5year. The prevalence of patients who were on second line regimens was 32% while for those who consume alcohol, smoke and do physical exercise was 29.4%, 31.4% and 20% respectively. Only current regimen and alcohol consumption were identified as the risk factors from the study where patients on second line 0.339(0.14-0.82), p = 0.02] and those who consume alcohol 0.357(0.15-0.85), p = 0.020] were protected from diabetes. The findings highlight the need for routine screening and assessment of factors for diabetes among HIV-infected persons receiving combination highly anti-retroviral therapy therefore a metabolic clinic may also be a good choice to improve the clinical service.

Malnutrition among under-five children is one of the public health problems in developing countries especially Sub-Saharan Africa. In Uganda, many children are malnourished most especially in the Northern part of the country. Therefore, this study investigated the determinants of malnutrition among under five children from Northern Uganda using secondary data. Its specific objectives included; identifying the relationship between social factors, economic and demographic factors with malnutrition among under five children. Uni-variate and bi- variate analysis was applied on the data and frequency distribution tables were used to establish the background characteristics of the respondent as univariate analysis and Pearson’s chi-square test was used to measure the association between malnutrition and each of the selected independent variable as bivariate analysis. The study findings indicated that mother`s education and wealth index were statistically associated with malnutrition among under-five children. There was less exposure of children born by mothers with higher education status to malnutrition. Children born by rich mothers were less likely to be malnourished. However, other factors were not associated with malnutrition since the p-value was greater than 0.05 which made the stated null hypotheses for these factors true. Therefore, girl child education and women empowerment programmes should be invested in much by the government and non-government institutions in order to curb or mitigate problem in the country most especially in Northern and South West of the country.

Yumbe district as one of the largest refugee hosting districts in the country is experiencing a deficit in the water required to meet the demand of the current population. Due to unsustainability of the surface water, groundwater has become the major source of water to rely on for both domestic and agricultural use in the district. However, the district experiences seasonal availability of water especially groundwater challenges with water quality resulting from contamination and depletion resulting from uncontrolled abstraction. Several groundwater studies have been done in the area but the concept of safe yield has not been given much attention which has led to the uncontrolled abstraction. Therefore, this research aimed at estimating the safe yield from the long- term average annual and seasonal groundwater recharge using GIS based WetSpass model which will help to evaluate water withdrawals and their sustainability for human needs in the district. The long-term (5years) hydro-meteorological (Rainfall, temperature, windspeed and potential evapotranspiration) and biophysical (soil, land use, topography, slope and groundwater depth) data of the study area were collected, their grid maps were generated, resampled and converted to ASCII format and then input in to the model to simulate the long-term average annual and seasonal groundwater recharge of the study area. The simulated groundwater recharge was then used to estimate the safe yield which is 25% of the recharge. The results showed that, the average annual groundwater recharge ranges from14.3 to 257.74 mm/year, meanwhile the seasonal recharge ranges from 0 to 13.69 mm/year and 24 to244.43 mm/year for dry and wet seasons respectively. The annual safe yield ranges from 3.5 to 64.44 m3/d/ha with the mean value of 32.644 m3/d/ha/year meanwhile the seasonal safe yield ranges from 0 to 3.4 m3/d/ha and 6 to 61.1 m3/d/ha for dry and wet season respectively. The sub-counties of Kei, Drajini, Lodonga, and Ariwa were found to be the most promising areas for sustainable groundwater abstraction. Low recharge and safe yield rates are found in the central and eastern parts (sub-counties of Apo, Yumbe town council, Romogi, Kululu, and Kochi) of the district. Therefore, Yumbe district decision-makers, humanitarian organizations working with refugees in the district, and the Ministry of Water and Environment can use the above information when developing water resource programs such as hand-dug wells, springs, and boreholes, as areas with sustainable and insufficient groundwater sources are clearly identified from the study results.

The study analyzed the trend of infant mortality due to malaria in Masaka Regional Referral Hospital (2004-2013). The objectives were:- to establish the relationship between infant mortality and age, to determine the rate of occurrence of infant mortality by sex differentials, and to forecast for the trend of mortality in infants for the next 5 years in Masaka Regional hospital. This study used both qualitative and quantitative methods to collect data. Secondary data was obtained from hospitalrecords for patients below 5 years.A correlation analysis was undertaken to determine the relationship between infant mortality and age; and an independent sample t-test was used to find out if infant mortality differed by sex. A statistical based excel function was also used to forecast the trend of infant mortality in the next five years. The study found out that there was a significant relationship between infant mortality due to malaria and age, and that there was no significant mean difference in infant mortality between male and female infants in the hospital. The trend forecast revealed that infant mortality is expected to rise for the next five years in this hospital. The researcher concluded that there is a significant relationship between infant mortality due to malaria, and age; no significant mean difference in infant mortality between male and female infants, and that infant mortality is expected to rise for the next five years in Masaka regional referral hospital. The study recommends proper child nutrition, strengthening immunization programs, improving on child care practices,access to clean water and sanitation to avert water borne diseases, and encouraging communities to be involved in practices that reduce infant mortality.

Pork is one of the most consumed meats in Uganda. This study therefore shows the social and eating characteristics of pork consumers in the urban areas of Uganda, a case study of Rubaga division, Kampala district. The study specifically determined the socio-economic characteristics of pork consumers in Rubaga division, Kampala district and the eating characteristics of pork consumers in Rubaga division, Kampala district. A pre-test structured questionnaire was administered to the pork consumers to collect data concerning the given objectives. This was accomplished by use of a transit walk sampling technique; at least 10 pork consumers were sampled from each of the five areas within Rubaga division. A total of 50 respondents were surveyed. The study found out that majority of 78% of residents in Rubaga division consumes pork because of its taste. Majority of pork consumers in Rubaga division (68%) were male and the rest female (32%). Majority of the respondents were Protestants (56%), followed by Catholics (36%) where as other religions had 8%. The study found out that their some religious restrictions against eating pork more especially among the Muslims since pork is considered as unhealthy. The study found out that majority of the pork consumers (44%) were household heads because they owned the families and responsibilities of taking family members out was upon them .The study show that most of the people in Rubaga division consume more pork during the weekend than during the week days. 23% of the respondents said they normally take pork at least once in two weeks. This is because they find it more comfortable. 12% once in a month while the rest either at least twice a week and once a week respectively. More than 25% said they take other meats once a week. This is because other meats have a lot of various other types. Most respondents responded that they take pork most in December (40%). This is because it is mostly festive season. October (30%) ranked second with November third (24%). The rest of the months shared the remaining months.30% of the respondents told me they least consume pork in January and February while over 15% in April. This is because this time people normally have no money to buy delicacies. This indicates that pork is not the staple food for people in Rubaga division since it eaten for luxury. Religion is a major aspect towards consumption of the pork meat .It was found that pork is mostly eaten by Protestants and Catholics while Muslims do not eat it at all. Therefore pork joints should be put away from Muslim communities. There is need to bring pork joints to drinking places such as bars since people prefer eating pork with beers in order to increase pork eaters in Rubaga division. There is also need for pork sellers to form associations that responsible in setting standards prices for all pork joints to reduce price instability of pork in Rubaga division. Cleanliness should be maintained a lot by the pork joints because clean environment provide a conducive atmosphere for customers to enjoy their pork very well.

Previously, mint has been used to flavor several foods but no emphasis was put on flavoring certain juices such as passion fruit juice. Thus, its effect on the properties of passion fruit juice were unknown. Much as different extracts of mint are used to improve the properties of foods, there is scanty information on use of mint hydrosol, a by-product of mint essential oil production. This research evaluated mint as a flavorant in passion fruit juice. Juice formulations containing 4-16% of either mint extract (n=4) or hydrosol (n=4) were used. The effect of mint on the nutritional composition, antioxidant potential, sensory acceptability (n=25 panelists), and shelf stability of the fruit juice were monitored at 0, 35, 70, and 140 days of storage at room temperature (24±4°C). Addition of mint extract or hydrosol significantly (p<0.05) influenced the sensory acceptability of passion fruit juice. Acceptability scores reduced with increase in mint extract or hydrosol concentration. Among the mint flavored juices, that with 4% extract or hydrosol was the most accepted and was quite similar to the control. This was followed by juice flavored with 8% extract or hydrosol while that with 16% was unacceptable. Nutrient composition of the juice in terms of vitamin C, beta-carotene and total antioxidants significantly increased with increase in mint extract concentration in the juice (p<0.05). Of the three acceptable juice formulations, that containing 8% mint extract had the highest amount of vitamin C (7.81±0.00 mg/100ml), beta carotene (104.81±0.43 μg/100ml), and total antioxidants (303.04±0.34 mg ascorbic acid equivalent /100 ml). The vitamin C and beta carotene of samples containing hydrosol was not significantly different from plain passion fruit juice (p>0.05). The juice samples were stable throughout the storage time. Passion fruit can, therefore, be flavored with up to 4% mint extract or hydrosol without negatively affecting its sensory properties whilst improving its antioxidant potential.

This study analyses effects of wind on the rainfall received within the spatial areas of Kampala. The wind speed in and rainfall received in Kampala does not vary too much and therefore the effect of wind in the rainfall received in Kampala District is merely negative. Rainfall has a significant effect on the economic and social activities of the people of Kampala such as infrastructure, livelihood, water supply and sanitation and many more. Therefore, this research looks upon how wind can also have a role to play in the rainfall variation in Kampala district which may bring about the hazards related to rainfall. According to the results generated in this research wind has relatively no effect on the rainfall received in Kampala for example Makerere having 1.5% and Act Together having 1.9% effect of wind on rainfall, Mengo 7.2%, Ware house 4.8%, and Rubaga having 4.0% effect of wind on rainfall hence the wind direction and speed does not vary much with rainfall in Kampala District. This can be attributed to the presence of wind breakers such as tall buildings, and trees which breaks the wind speed leading to limited effect of wind on the rainfall received in Kampala and thus the Null hypothesis is achieved in this study.