The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of Hand-In-Hand Eastern Africa’s (HIHEA’s) intervention on increasing women’s monthly enterprise earnings. Data for the assessment was collected from the direct beneficiaries through a structured questionnaire. SPSS was employed in the analysis, using a two way ANOVA and Paired samples T-test. The findings show that the project on women’s monthly enterprise earnings increased by 5.6 percent. The two-way ANOVA also revealed an interaction between respondent category and sub-county (implementation site) on women’s net monthly income. Further, the mean monthly income for treatment group is greater than that of comparison group in all sub-counties except for Kitui East where comparison group earned more, but with an overall P-value of 0.56. Only 17.7 percent change in monthly business income was registered when the difference in means was analysed. In conclusion, the effect of the project on women’s monthly enterprise earnings is relatively low, the variance in monthly enterprise earnings across different project locations and categories is statistically insignificant and HIHEA’s implementation logic seem not to be effective, since the objective of achieving an increase of at least 30 per cent in women’s monthly enterprise earnings was not achieved. It is recommended that the baseline enterprise income estimates to be captured in actual estimates and not interval rates, so that comparison can yield a significant effect of the project on income increase. The implementation sites and factors thereof should be further investigated to establish their influence on income increase, and if they can be replicated in other projects for greater effectiveness. This would necessitate re-alignment of the intervention logic.

Alcohol has been a known contributor for disease. According to the World Health Organization, over three million deaths are associated with alcohol annually. Excessive consumption of alcohol continues being a public health concern globally. Alcohol use has continued being a problem in many parts of the world. Kenya has been greatly affected by the negative consequences of alcohol. Many rehabilitation centers in Kenya are full and cannot accommodate any more. Some people are able to afford rehabilitation to treat the problem while others are not able to afford treatment and rehabilitation. Some scientists believe that there is a connection between alcohol use disorders and depression. Depressive disorders are significant mental illnesses which can be diagnosed and treated by a mental health professional. There are scientists who believe that depression and alcoholism are genetic disorders. Other scientists believe that depression and alcoholism can be learned. Other scientists also believe that there is a gene associated with these conditions but they must be activated by an external influence. This external influence can be an accident for the case of depression or alcohol consumption for alcoholism. There are other scientists who believe that alcohol may trigger the depression gene as well as cause anxiety. Alcoholism can be inherited and may be triggered by stress and depression. This study intended to expound broadly the connection between alcohol use disorders and depression. The objectives of this study were to establish the connection between depression and alcohol use disorders, to determine if men in Kirigiti area were suffering from alcohol use disorders and to determine if men in Kirigiti area were suffering from depression. This research was carried out in Kirigiti area, Kiambu County. The study utilized descriptive research design. The study participants were men between the age of 18 years to 60 years. Simple random sampling method was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. This study used questionnaires for data collection. Calculations were done using statistical methods and procedures and the results presented using charts, tables and figures. Ethical considerations were observed through attainment of a research permit. The findings were discussed and conclusions and recommendations made. They were presented to the department to be shared with various stakeholders. The findings may be used to improve treatment of patients with depression and alcohol use disorders.

The effect of domestic public borrowing on the development level of financial sector has not been extensively investigated in finance literature. Two views, safe asset view and lazy bank view, have been suggested for the interaction between public borrowing and financial development. Lazy bank view suggests that banks with greater public debt instruments increase their profitability but decrease their efficiency and in turn lowers financial depth in time. On the other side, safe asset view asserts that limited amount of public borrowing supports financial development. So, the net influence of public borrowing on financial sector development depends on public borrowing level and country specific characteristics. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of domestic public debt on Kenya’s financial development. The study was anchored on crowding out effect theory and supported by debt overhang theory and neoclassical theory. The independent variable was domestic public debt operationalized as the ratio of domestic public debt to GDP while the control variables were; interest rate, inflation and unemployment rate. The dependent variable that the research attempted to explain was the financial development in Kenya. The data was collected on a quarterly basis over a period of twenty years (from January 2002 to December 2021). A descriptive research approach was employed in the research, with a multivariate regression model used to examine the connection between the study variables. The study's findings yielded an R-square value of 0.642, indicating that the chosen independent variables could explain 64.2 percent of the variance in Kenya’s financial development, while the other 35.8 percent was due to other factors not investigated in this study. The F statistic was significant at a 5% level with a p=0.000. This suggests that the model was adequate for explaining financial development in Kenya. Further, the findings demonstrated that domestic public debt, inflation and unemployment rate had a negative and significant influence on Kenya’s financial development. Interest rate had no significant influence on Kenya’s financial development. The study recommends the need for practitioners and policy makers to develop target domestic public debt level that will promote financial development. The policy makers should also ensure that inflation levels are stabilized and unemployment rate is reduced. Future studies can focus on other determinants of financial development in Kenya such as financial literacy and economic growth among others. Future studies can also focus on a longer study period to confirm the findings.

Combating terrorism in Africa has been collective task involving the effort of the government through regional and international cooperation. Kenya has battled the emergence of terrorism since the 1975 Nairobi bombing, 1980 Norfolk Hotel bombing, 1998 United States embassy, 2002 Kikambala hotel bombing, 2013 Westgate Mall shooting, to the recent Mpeketoni attacks in 2014, Garissa attack in 2015 and the ongoing rebellion in North Eastern Kenya and parts of Somalia by Al Shabaab and Al Qaeda members. To prevent further causalities and improve the economic status of the Kenya, strategies have been put forward by relevant authorities to curb the menace. Different scholars have argued that with proper national security strategies, succeeding in the fight against the terror groups would be achieved. Data collection involved various tools such as interviews, secondary sources from the document reviews and other relevant sources such as cyberspace. The target population included government officers and the civilians. The data was analyzed using MS Excel and the results presented in tabular forms. The findings of the study are the budgetary allocation, training methods and the national strategies which plays a vital role in planning, acquiring sophisticated weapons in managing terror related activities. This has improved the security status of the nation. This study will be crucial in various sectors in the combating insecurity due to terrorism within the country and also in the regional level. Recommendations highlighted in the study includes increasing the budgetary allocation to the military, creating awareness the nature of terrorism to the people, cooperating multi-national agencies and Non-governmental bodies and lastly implementing stiff and strict laws against terrorism.

Tax policy has significant impact on economic growth. Good tax policy influence both positive economic growth and rapid growing competition in investments. This study sought to establish the effect of tax policy instituted by the Tanzania Revenue Authority on Tanzania’s economic growth. This study was supported by Ibn Khaldun theory of taxation, endogenous growth theory, and optimal theory of taxation. The study utilized a descriptive research design. Secondary semi-annual data was used in the research. The data was sourced from the Tanzanian Bureau of Statistics and the World Bank, as well as Tanzania Revenue Authority between 1992 and continuing through 2020. Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 25 was used in the analysis. Statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics and multiple linear regressions were used. The findings were presented in the form of tables and graphs. From the descriptive statistics, the study concludes that economic growth of Tanzania averages at about 6% of GDP. The economy showed a general increase between 1996 and 2020 despite of high fluctuations within the period. The taxes in Tanzania between 1996 and 2020 showed an upward curve indicating an increase in the taxes within the period. Motor vehicle taxes, stamp duty, business license, export duty, fuel levy, and port charges showed a very high level of fluctuation within the period between 1996 and 2020. The findings show that taxes influence growth of an economy. Import duty exhibited positive regression coefficients while excise duty exhibited negative though insignificant coefficients. Further, the study found that income tax had a positive and significant regression coefficient against economic growth. Value added tax and other taxes like motor vehicle taxes, stamp duty, business license, export duty, fuel levy, and port charges having an inverse significant regressions coefficient against economic growth. This research concludes that tax policy influences the economic growth of Tanzania. This study concludes that import duty and income tax have a positive effect on the economic growth of Tanzania. On the other hand, the study concludes that excise duty has no effect on economic growth of Tanzania. Further, value added tax and other taxes like motor vehicle taxes, stamp duty, business license, export duty, fuel levy, and port charges possessed negative effects on economic growth of Tanzania. Government reviews its tax policy for optimal taxation which would improve the economic growth of the country. Research based on different variables, measures, period and utilizing a mixture of both primary and secondary (semi-annually) data ought to be done.

There are a wide range of industries that make use of the Weibull distribution, including industrial engineering, general insurance, survival analysis, electrical engineering, and reliability engineering, to name just a few. The Weibull distribution is expanded to become the Weibull-Pareto distribution, also known simply as the Weibull distribution. A notable use of the Weibull-Pareto distribution is in the modeling of asymmetrical data, which is also one of its most important applications. During the course of this inquiry, a hierarchical Bayesian model will be created with the use of a Weibull-Pareto distribution as a reference.

Earnings management has become the subject for discussion due to its significance in the operation and management of the companies. The objective of the research was to examine the determinants of earning management. The study used both descriptive and inferential computations. The research was undertaken in the period interval of 2016-2021. The secondary data were obtained to enhance the research findings. Moreover, multicollinearity, autocorrelation and normality tests were undertaken. The findings indicated R of 0.733 while R Square was 0.537. This posit that all the repressor variables maximized in the study that included executive compensation, firm size, financial leverage and performance accounted for 53.7% of all the variables affecting earning management. Therefore 46.3% were the variable excluded in the study. Moreover, the findings denoted that, a single positive increment in the firm size caused an increase of earning management by 0.3%, all factor remain constant. Additionally, a unitary increase in financial leverage translated to a decrease in earning management by 27.9% whenever all other factors are kept constant. Further to the findings, an increment in performance by one unit triggered an increment in earning management by 9.6% and while a single unit increase in the executive compensation triggered an increment in earning management by 1.6 when all factors are kept constant. From 95% confident interval, it is worth stating that firm size (t=1.128, p=0.260), performance (t=15.383, p=0.000) and executive compensation (t=1.740, p=0.083) have positive effect on earning management while financial leverage (t=-5.678, p=0.000) has negative effect on earning management. The research recommended for quality booking and accountability.

This study seeks to understand and document the lived experiences of widows and to analyze the effectiveness of existing statutory laws and policies protecting widows in Kabula Ward, Bungoma County. The study carries out an in-depth understanding of widows’ experiences using a phenomenological approach. The study explores how demographic characteristics, such as age, education, widowhood duration, and occupation shape widowhood experiences, the social, cultural, psychological, and economic experiences of different widows after bereavement, survival strategies widows employ to cope with the experiences, support systems available for widows and how existing statutory laws and policies protect widow’s rights. The study examines the experiences of 20 widows who are at least one year in widowhood living in Kabula Ward. The study incorporates the theory of intersectionality which examines how various axes of differences intertwine to shape widows’ experiences while the theory of gender and power is included to help in exploring the role and position of widows in Kabula ward, and community more broadly. In-depth interviews and key-informant interviews were used to collect data. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically and presented in verbatim excerpts. Study findings show that widows’ experiences vary with age, level of education, cause of spouse death, duration of marriage before spouse died, and type of occupation. These factors intersect to create both positive and negative experiences for widows. The study also establishes that despite widows facing negative experiences, they also exhibit positive experiences in widowhood. Social, cultural, economic, and psychological challenges are experienced; however, most widows engage in different activities and adopt various coping strategies to ensure their families’ wellbeing. Informal support networks such as family, church, self-help groups, and widow inheritance while formal support networks such as government and microfinance institutions are widely adopted to cope with widowhood challenges. Additionally, the study reveals that legal frameworks enacted to protect widows are not fully utilized due to lack of legal awareness among widows, the presence of customary laws, and high court fees, thus complicating widows’ access to justice. Therefore, to empower widows, the study recommends the sensitization of widows on existing legal frameworks to protect and promote their rights, the development of social and economic programs to improve widows’ living standards, and the provision of counselling services to promote ix their psychological well-being.

The adoption of modern communication devices and technology in the day-to-day operations at the workplace has both positive and negative effect in the workplace since it has not only revolutionized the way employees communicate with one another but also provide a platform for perpetrators of cyber bullying to propagate the vice. The general objective of the study was to investigate the effect of workplace cyberbullying on employee performance of Media houses in Nairobi, Kenya. Specifically, to establish the extent to which the employees face cyber bullying at the workplace, establish the challenges the employees face in managing cyber bullying at the workplace and determine the relationship between cyber bullying and job performance at the workplace. The research design was cross-sectional descriptive research. A semi-structured questionnaire that has both open-ended and closed-ended questions was used to collect the data needed for the analysis. Regression analysis was used to analyze data . The research established that , cyberbullying had an undesirable effect on employee performance with all dimensions of cyberbullying being significant in affecting employee performance (p< 0.05). Only public humiliation factor was insignificant (p>0.05). The study concludes that workplace cyberbullying has become a common vice and is an evolving phenomenon, there is need for urgent intervention due to its negative effect on employee performance and workplace productivity. Cyberbullying being an evolving phenomenon, the vice can take different forms in different industries, therefore further research should be carried out to determine its impact in different workplaces.

The study sought to establsh the effect of corporate governance on financial reporting quality among non-financial listed firms at the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. The study adopted correlational research design while targeting 36 non-monetary listed entities on Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. The study collected secondary from the Nairobi Securities Exchange print outs and the financial statements of the respective firms on a five year period ranging from 2017-2021. The analysis of the gathered evidence was executed through SPSS tool utilizing means and standard deviations as well as correlation and regression analysis and presented through tables. It was evident that audit quality (β=.443, p<0.05 & t>1.96) had the greatest significant effect on financial reporting quality a followed by firm leverage (β=.058, p<0.05 & t>1.96), board independence (β=.049, p<0.05 & t>1.96) and liquidity (β=.018, p<0.05 & t>1.96). The study concludes that corporate governance is a significant predictor of financial reporting quality. The study recommends the board of directors in the non-financial listed firms at the Nairobi Securities Exchange; Kenya should play a more effective oversight role to enhance the corporate governance mechanisms. The shareholders of the non-financial listed firms at the Nairobi Securities Exchange; Kenya should demand a more accountable and active role on the side of the management. The policy makers working in the non-financial listed firms at the Nairobi Securities Exchange; Kenya should formulate and implement sound policies in regard to corporate governance and financial reporting.