Background It has been, and is still one of the most deadly infectious diseases in the world. Roughly one third of the world’s population is infected with mycobacteria tuberculosis, having the highest prevalence in Asia and Sub Saharan Africa, (Mapka et al, 2010).As of 2010, Uganda was ranked 16th of the 22 high TB burden countries in the world. (Guwatude et al, 2010). Most of the cases occur in poor areas with high population, poor housing and living conditions, prisons inclusive. Prisons have no reliable information about the true burden of TB prevalence that exists, however national strategies for control of TB infection need a sound knowledge on the magnitude of the disease. Objective To determine the factors associated with prevalence of PTB among inmates in Masaka District prisons. I focused on their socio-demographic, individual and environmental factors. Study design and rationale Analytical cross sectional methods were used employing quantitative data collection tools Study site, Sample size and sampling technique Masaka district prisons (06). Kish Leslie’s method was used and a total of 323 inmates were interviewed. Consecutive random sampling technique was used to recruit inmates in the study. Results Masaka central prison (62.5%), compared to other prisons in a ratio of 2:1 was due to its size. TB prevalence (1.875% - Figure 2) was still a burden among inmates. The ratio of PTB positive clients to those without TB 1:53. Strongly associated factors like single & medium age; 20-39 years (58% - table 1), Men (82% - table 1) as compared to women, No BCG vaccination at birth (15% - table 3) increased the risk to rapid disease progression, Length of incarceration (2-5) years or more was strongly associated with high risk of TB infection. History of smoking tobacco and Alcohol consumption lowers body immunity thus enhancing incidences among inmates. High congestion within the prisons reported by respondents increased the rate of transmission of infection, especially to those inmates who were living in contact with TB clients. Conclusion The findings in the above research showed that prisons still have a burden of TB disease and unless strategies to sort this out are designed, many inmates are doomed to even more infections. The factors associated with this included socio – demographic, individual and environmental which were found to greatly enhance TB prevalence among inmates

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