Introduction Pulmonary tuberculosis is a contagious disease which attacks mainly the respiratory system and any part of the body as extra pulmonary TB. Delayed early case detection increases the probability of cross infection and secondary complications and ensuing into high rates of morbidity and mortality thus hampering the productivity of human resource. Methodology A cross sectional study design was used to investigate factors influencing early PTB case detection among 368 respondents of the UPDFs at Bombo Military Hospital. The respondents who consented to participate in this study were sampled using convenient sampling method. A pre-tested researcher administered questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data on early TB case detection and associated factors. Results This study revealed that 48% of the UPDFs patients at Bombo were detected with PTB in about two weeks or less than two weeks and 52% were detected with PTB in more than two weeks. Henceforth, early PTB case detection amongst UPDFs patients at Bombo was found to be influenced by Patient related factors such as knowledge about early signs and symptoms of PTB (P<0.001) and whether early PTB case detection was necessary (OR=1, P=0.023). Social demographic related factors include: age of UPDFs being 34 or more (OR= 1.58, CI = 1.05-2.39, P = 0.03) the married, (OR = 1.42, CI= 0.73-0.2.73, P= 0.001), less or equal 10 years of service in the UPDF, (OR= 2.19, CI= 1.43-3.36), >3years spent in same unit (OR=2.38, CI=1.47-3.88, P=0.001), rank of the UPDFs (OR=1.94, CI=1.02-3.69, P=0.008) Life style factors which included cigarette smoking (OR=0.57, CI=0.37-0.86, P=0.008) Alcohol intake (OR=0.38, CI=0.23-0.62, P<0.001), and fear of stigma (OR=0.64, CI=0.41-0-99, P=0.046). Health facility related factors include: availability of medical supply (OR=1.66, CI=1.05-2.61, P=0.030), provision of health education (OR=6.04, CI=3.65-10.01, P <0.001), distance of >5Km of reach to the health facility (OR= 5.65, CI=3.5-9.12, P<0.001), attitude of health workers (P<0.001), had significant statistical association between early PTB case detection and UPDFs patients. Conclusion: Early PTB case detection amongst the UPDF’s at Bombo was low. This was influenced by lack of knowledge about early signs and symptoms of PTB, patients’ ability to know whether early detection of PTB was necessary, being more than 34 years old, married, divorced or widowed, years spent in service, years spent in a present unit, rank in the army, life style factors such as smoking and alcohol intake, fear of stigma, and distance of 5km reach of health facility, attitude of health workers, waiting time and provision of health education and consequently influencing health seeking behavior. Recommendations To advocate for regular health education activities through all unit establishments about PTB among all UPDF’s, sensitization of commanders about PTB and availability of TB services. This should be based on adequate dissemination of appropriate information to all levels of UPDFs ranks geared at implementing outreach services to reach out especially those affected by distance and assuage the fear of stigma by creating awareness about TB.

Otitis media is a common condition affecting children and adults worldwide requiring a considerable amount of clinic time and operating time to deal with either active otitis media or the sequelae of previous otitis media worldwide. Thus, this study determined the risk factors of otitis media among patients attending ENT clinic in Mulago hospital. In order to achieve the research purpose, the following research objectives were formulated and these included: to determine level of prevalence of otitis media among patient attending ENT clinic in Mulago Hospital; to establish socio-demographic factors responsible for otitis media among patient attending ENT clinic in Mulago Hospital; to determine comorbid illnesses that lead to otitis media in patients attending ENT clinic in Mulago Hospital; and to examine household factors responsible for otitis media among patients attending ENT clinic in Mulago hospital. Cross-sectional descriptive study design employing quantitative approach was used in this study and the study using sample size determination by Kish and Leslie formula (1965), a sample size of 317 respondents was established. Stratified random and convenient sampling procedures were used to sample respondents. An interviewer questionnaires were used to collect data from respondents. Reliability for research instrument was attained through pretesting and re-pretesting with some 5 patients and 5 health workers in Kisugu Health Center while validity of the instruments was attained through expert judgment. The data was analyzed through SPSS software from which frequencies, multivariate analysis were done. The research findings indicate that the level of prevalance of otitis media among patients attending ENT clinic in Mulago hospital is generally high as 82 % of the patients had the disease; gender as socio-demographic factor had significant relationship with otitis media (x2 6.564, p-value of 0.01). Thus, females are at higher risk of developing otitis media than men (OR= 25(132-476, p=0.005); it was found out that allergic rhinitis had significant relationship with otitis media (χ2=6.574, p=0.010) and those who have a history of allergic rhinitis are 2.3 times more likely to develop otitis media than their counterparts without allergic rhinitis (OR= 2.33, p=0.008); ear discharge had positive relationship with otitis media (χ2=5.931, p=0.015) and those with a history of ear discharge are 2.2 times more likely to develop otitis media than those without it (OR=2.18, p=0.02); URTI had positive relationship with otitis media (χ2=12.429, p=0.001) and those with history of URTI are 1.7 times more likely to develop otitis media than their counterparts (OR=1.69, p=0.001); a significant relationship was obtained between snoring while sleeping and otitis media (χ2=5.678, p=0.017); and finally, cooking in house of sleeping that had significant relationship with otitis media (χ2=4.391, p=0.036). Study concludes that the level of prevalence of the disease among the patients is generally high; that the prevalence of otitis media was found to be associated with the female gender; those with a history of comorbid illnesses such as allergic rhinitis, ear discharge, URTI and snoring while sleeping were at higher risk of developing otitis media than those without these conditions; and finally, cooking in the same house of sleeping had a positive and significant relationship with otitis media. It was therefore recommended that the ministry of health should establish a comprehensive campaign country wide to sensitize people about different factors, conditions, circumstances that lead to otitis media; it should also launch a campaign to educate women about the factors that expose them more to otitis media; people with comorbid illnesses such as allergic rhinitis, ear discharge and URTI should be treated promptly; local community leaders such as local councilors should encourage people to establish kitchens with enough ventilation for cooking.

Introduction The study was carried out to ascertain the risk factors associated with chronic suppurative otitis media among children less than ten years in Jinja referral hospital. This took place from 14th-30th August 2013. General objective; The main objective was to identify the risk factors associated with CSOM among children less than ten in Jinja Regional referral Hospital. Methodology; The study was a case-control study conducted in Jinja Hospital. Cases were selected from the ENT special clinic while the controls were selected from the out patient of the general children’s unit (Nalufenya). The target population was all the children under ten years in Jinja district. Data was collected by use of questionnaires which was administered to the care givers of the selected children after getting their assent. During data collection period, health education talks were given and the respondents were given hand-outs as an appreciation for their participation in the study and to create awareness in the community also. Results; Social demographic factors; Daily expenditure (OR=7.33, CI=2.37-22.69), Education level (OR=30.54, CI=3.57-261.69), Social-economic status (OR=9.72, CI=1.06-89. Clinical factors; History of discharging ears (OR=140, CI=17.24-147.5), HIV status (OR=11.61 CI=2.33-57.95), Nutritional status (OR=11.61, CI=2.33-57.95), History of treatment (OR=4.64, CI=1.83-11.74). House hold factors; History of bottle feeding (OR=3.78, CI=1.45-9.88), Smoker at home (OR=8.08, CI=2.48-26.28), Number of people in the house (OR=3.34, CI=1.28-8.75). Conclusion; Daily income, social economic status and education level as demographic factors, URTI’s, HIV, Malnutrition and seeking treatment from pharmacies or drug shops are clinical factors, and congestion, bottle feeding and cigarette smoking as house hold factors correlated with the development of chronic suppurative otitis media among children. Recommendation; The study recommends that income of the community be improved, education programs should emphasize the girl child to attain high level education and adult literacy programs be revived, community sensitization to take children to the hospital and policies strengthened to eliminate untrained pharmacy operators. HIV and nutritional assessment should be mandatory, ENT specialists be trained, equipped and attached to lower level facilities, policies should be put in place to prevent public smoking, continued health education on bottle feeding and family planning.

Introduction: Sickle cell disorders’ can be controlled cost-effectively by programmes that integrate treatment with early carrier detection through screening and genetic counselling. However sickle cell disease (SCD) is not well known or recognized by many individuals as a significant health problem with major complications, thus a large number of Ugandans are carriers of the trait but are unaware of their status. Therefore this study sought to determine the level of uptake of sickle cell trait testing (SCTT) and the knowledge and attitudes towards SCTT among youth in Jinja west municipality. Results from this study may be useful in devising interventions that can improve uptake of SCTT among youth. Method: This was a descriptive cross sectional study among 401 youth aged between 18-30 years in Jinja municipality west, Jinja district. Participants were selected from the six villages constituting Jinja west municipality through probability sampling. Data was collected from the study participants using self-administered questionnaires that were organized in line with the study objectives. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20 and only descriptive statistics were used. Results: Only 25% of the youth in the study had tested for SCT. The level of knowledge about SCD and SCTT was moderate with average scores of 56.6% and 63.2% respectively. However, 71.6% were aware of the availability of the SCTT services. Generally, the youth had a very positive attitude towards SCTT as a way of preventing SCD and the benefits of SCTT with a general mean overall mean attitude score of 4.08 although their attitudes towards the uptake of SCTT were neutral (with a score of 3.14). Conclusion and recommendations: The uptake of SCTT by the youth was low, although youth had moderate knowledge about SCD and SCTT. The youth had very positive attitude towards SCTT as a way of preventing SCD and the benefits of SCTT; but the attitudes towards uptake of SCTT were neutral. Therefore continuous education of youth about the disease and the importance of sickle cell trait testing is needed. Also, sensitizing the youth about the availability of the services at free cost in all public health facilities would help to improve the uptake since a good number of youth thought that these services are paid for.

Introduction: The study was carried out in Adjumani District, aimed at identifying the knowledge, attitude and practices of the youth aged 15-24 years regarding Hepatitis B prevention in Adjumani District. General Objective: The main objective of the study was to identify the knowledge, attitude and practices of the youths aged 15-24 years regarding Hepatitis B prevention. Methodology: The study design was cross sectional descriptive study where data was collected using self administered questionnaires given to 150 youths using random sampling and analysis carried using SPPS version 20 Results: The study was carried out in randomly selected secondary schools in Adjumani District. The study found out that respondents were knowledgeable regarding Hepatitis B infection. For instance, 150 (100%) had ever heard of Hepatitis B Virus, 120 (80%) agreed that one could contract Hepatitis B Virus through unsafe sex, 90 (60%) agreed that one can get Hepatitis B infection by sharing tooth brushes, sharps and razors, 130 (86.7%) agreed that people with Hepatitis B infection can develop liver cancer, 100 (66.7%) agreed that there was treatment for Hepatitis B infection. However, respondents had mostly negative attitude regarding Hepatitis B infection as 60 (40%) disagreed that Hepatitis B is not a dangerous disease, 75 (50%) strongly disagreed that Hepatitis B Virus infection can be prevented, 100 (67%) strongly agreed that they feared to get a positive result for Hepatitis B virus infection, 80 (53.3%) Respondents had poor practices regarding Hepatitis B infection as most 100 (66.7%) had never been immunized against Hepatitis B Virus, 92 (63.1%) disagreed that one can get Hepatitis B infection from unsterile medical equipment. However, 80 (53.3%) always asked saloon barbers to disinfect or replace machine blades which was a good practice which helped to prevent Hepatitis B infection. Conclusion: The results of the study revealed that although respondents were knowledgeable regarding Hepatitis B infection, they had negative attitude and practices regarding the prevention of Hepatitis B infection. Recommendations: There is need for immediate sensitization and health education of the community on Hepatitis B transmission and prevention aimed at changing attitude and practices of the people toward Hepatitis B prevention.

Introduction The study investigated the factors influencing shisha smoking among adults in Kabalagala, Makindye division. Objectives 1) To determine the shisha smoking status of adults in Kabalagala, Makindye division. 2) To determine the socio demographic factors influencing shisha smoking among adults in Kabalagala, Makindye division. 3) To identify the environmental factors influencing shisha smoking among the adults in Kabalagala, Makindye division .4) To identify the psychological factors influencing shisha smoking among the adults in Kabalagala, Makindye division. Methodology A cross sectional study design was carried out in Kabalagala on adults, both smokers and non smokers of shisha. Using self-administered questionnaires, a total of 250 respondents were sampled using convenience sampling technique. For uni-variate analysis, data was run using frequencies and percentages, and the results presented in form of frequency tables and pie-chart. At bi-variate level, Chi-square tests were used to show the levels of association between the dependent and independent variables through cross tabulations and results presented in tables. Results Of the 250 respondents, 103 (83.4%) practice shisha smoking and only 147 (16.6%) don’t smoke shisha. The socio demographic factors; marital status (X2 = 8.861, p = 0.031) and religion (X2 = 17.956, p <0.001) were associated to the shisha smoking among adults. The environmental factors; cost(X2=52.518, p<0.001), availability(X2=4.029, p=0.045) peer pressure(X2=16.022, p=0.03) and parent smoking status(X2=0.09, p=0.03) were associated to the shisha smoking practice. The psychological factors: history of loss friend/relative(X2=4.023, p=0.045) and history of stress(X2=66.260, p<0.001); were also associated to the shisha smoking practice among adults. Conclusion and Recommendation Socio demographic factors; knowledge, perception, marital status and religion. Environmental; peer pressure, cost and availability are the major factors influencing shisha smoking in Kabalagala, Makindye division psychological factors:loss of friend/relative and history of stress are the major factors influencing shisha smoking in Kabalagala,Makindye division. The researcher recommends the Ministry of Health together with the government to diversify health education on health issues in all public health facilities and communities so as to emphasis more on health issues, put guidelines for all the public health workers on following the laws and regulations regarding tobacco to ensure compliance and reduction of illegal tobacco and tobacco products to the country. In addition, ban all advertisements on tobacco products through media such newspapers, radios, televisions and billboards to reduce its use to the youths and young adults.

Introduction: Cervical cancer screening helps detect precancerous lesions which when not treated can develop into invasive cervical cancer. Low prevalence of cervical cancer screening among female employees of Mulago Hospital prompted the researcher to assess the factors influencing uptake of cervical cancer screening among female employees of Mulago Hospital. Methodology: A cross sectional study that targeted female employees of Mulago Hospital was done using a self-administered questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 20, presented in frequencies and percentages; and Chi Square test was used to test association of factors and uptake of cervical cancer screening. Results: 64.1% of respondents had ever screened for cervical cancer. The socio demographic characteristics that showed significant association to cervical cancer screening uptake were age and nature of employment. Cervical cancer awareness was high among all respondents. High levels of adequate knowledge, positive attitude and good cervical cancer practice was reported more among Nurses/Midwives, Doctors and paramedical staff than among administrative and support staff; and were significantly association to cervical cancer screening uptake. Good practice of cervical cancer was found among 60% of respondents and there was strong significant association to all hospital factors that was assessed. Conclusion: Uptake of cervical cancer screening was higher among female employees of Mulago Hospital compared to the national average and it was higher among Nurses/Midwives, Doctors, and paramedical staff than administrative and support staff. Recommendation: Ministry of Health and Mulago Hospital should develop and implement national cervical cancer program that targets all eligible women, including female staff of Mulago Hospital. In addition, they should harmonize cervical cancer screening data nationally to inform planning and implementation of cervical cancer prevention program.

Back ground: Safe male circumcision is believed to be associated with reduced HIV prevalence, yet it‟s uptake in the northern Ugandan district of Nwoya district is very low. If well embraced and adopted widely, Safe Male Circumcision (SMC) can reduce new HIV infections by 60% (WHO, 2013). The purpose of the study was to investigate the factors influencing the uptake of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision amongst males above age of 15 years in Purongo sub-county, Nwoya district. Methods: This was a cross sectional study that was carried out in 380 males aged 15 years and above in Purongo Sub County, Nwoya District. Data on uptake of voluntary medical male circumcision and factors associated with its uptake was collected using semi-administered questionnaire and key informant interviews. Data analysis was performed using SPSS Ver 20.0 soft ware and Pearson chi square tests were used to assess the relationship between the socio demographic factors and personal factors with uptake of voluntary medical male circumcision. All statistical tests were 2-tailed and P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: In this study, 138 (36.30%) of the respondents reported to have been voluntarily circumcised medically. All the socio demographic factors had a statistically significant relationship with uptake of voluntary medical male circumcision (P < 0.05). Only occupation of the respondent didn‟t reflect a statistically significant relationship with uptake of male circumcision (P =0.32). Awareness about safe circumcision, willingness to get circumcised, pains and the belief that circumcision reduces sexual pleasure were the individual factors that significantly affected the uptake of voluntary medical male circumcision in Purongo sub-county, Nwoya district (P < 0.05). Conclusions and recommendations: The uptake of male circumcision was low, thus the district health team should carry out mass sensitization campaigns to improve knowledge and change attitudes in order to scale up safe male circumcision services in the area as a way of reducing HIV infections.

Background. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM II) prevalence is increasing rapidly around the world with both high morbidity and mortality and a high health cost. It has emerged as global pandemic due to a fast upsurge in Lifestyle, socio-demographic and health systems related factors. There was, therefore a need for this study to assess the prevalence and factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Tororo district hospital during the month of May to June, 2017. The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among clients aged 30 to 60 years attending the diabetic clinic at Tororo hospital. The factors assessed include socio-demographic, life style and healthy system factors. Method. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence and factors associated with of type 2 diabetes mellitus among persons aged 30 to 65 attending diabetic clinic at Tororo hospital. Convenience non probability random sampling technique was used to obtain respondents. Data was collected using structured questionnaire and was analyzed in SPSS version 16.00 and presented in form of frequency tables. In addition, random blood glucose testing was employed to identify with diabetes at the clinic. Subjects with random blood sugar ≥11.1mmol/l on the following day were subjected to fasting blood glucose testing and they were confirmed to have DM II if they had blood glucose level of ≥7 mmol/l. In each subject, height, weight was measured and Body mass index calculated using standard procedures. Results. A total of 110 participants were included in this study, 74 (69.1%) were females and 36(30.9%) were males. Most (59.1%) respondents in the age group 41 to 65 years. Overall prevalence of DM II was 54.5%, (n=60). Prevalence was high in females (64.9%; n= 74) than in males (33.3%; n=36). The age group 41 to 65 years had the highest prevalence of DM II (96.9%, n=65) followed by 30-40 years age group (37%, n=45). Socio-demographic factors such gender, age, relation to member of family with diabetes mellitus type 2, and average monthly income were significantly associated with prevalence of DM II. Lifestyle factors such as food consumed, weight, BMI, quantity of smoking in a day, exercising, interval of exercise per week, duration of exercise, alcohol consumption and intervals of alcohol consumption per week were significantly associated with DM II (P<0.05). Furthermore, health system factors such having availability of healthy facility in respondents home area, estimated distance to the health center and adequate staffing at facility were significantly associated with DM II (P<0.05). Conclusion and Recommendation. Higher proportion of persons with DM II attend diabetic clinic at Tororo district hospital. The most predominant age group is 40 to 65 years, with obesity or overweight. It is therefore recommended that all those over 40 years, are obese or overweight should be routinely be screened for DM II and appropriate public health education given to all diabetic patient in all hospitals nationwide.

Background: Infection with malaria under five remains a burden in sub Saharan African, and is associated with numerous preventable deaths. The clinical outcome of Plasmodium infection in endemic areas is influenced by erythrocyte polymorphisms including the ABO blood groups. This study reports the association of Malaria with the ABO blood group in children under 5years attending the outpatient‟s clinic at Bundibugyo hospital. Methods: This was a cross-sectional prospective study that carried out during the months of July to August, 2018, in Bundibugyo hospital. The study population comprised of children 7 months-5 years presenting with a febrile condition. Clinical and laboratory investigations were done using malaria rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy; Blood grouping was done by hemagglutination methods. Statistical analysis was done at bivariate and multivariate levels using SPSS Version 23.0 and P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The prevalence of malaria was 14%. The most predominant blood group type were Rhesus (D) positive „O‟ at 54%; A‟ at 26.2%, B‟ at 18.6% and AB‟ at 1.3%;. Blood group A were 1.24 times more susceptible to have positive malaria test than those with blood group O (OR= 1.24, 95%C.I (1.01 – 2.48) ; P-value =0.003. B were 1.29 times more susceptible to have positive malaria test than those with blood group O blood (OR= 1.29, 95% C.I (0.88 – 3.23 ); P-Value = 0.011). The statistically outcome indicated that: blood groups A and B patients are more likely to have a positive malaria test compared to blood group O Conclusion and recommendations The prevalence of malaria is lower than the national average, Blood group O” Rh (D) positive was the most predominant; there is an association between ABO blood group and Malaria. The recommendation is that the current malaria control/prevention measures should be intensified and while managing malaria cases, client‟s blood groups should be determined to help in management of vulnerable groups.