Background: Globally, cervical cancer ranks fourth among the most frequent cancer that affect women, currently it is estimated that every year 527,624 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer, most of which occur in less developed world while 265,672 die from the disease. In Africa the disease has the highest morbidity and mortality rates among women aged 15 and above. 85% of the 265,672 cervical cancer related deaths in the world occurred in sub-Saharan Africa. In Uganda cervical cancer ranks as the 1st leading cause of female cancer and is the most common female cancer in women aged 15 to 44 years.This study, will therefore seek to explore factors that influence the uptake of cervical cancer screening services by women of reproductive age at Rukunyu Health Center IV, Kamwenge District in western Uganda. Method: In a cross sectional quantitative descriptive study, 100 women aged 25-49 attending antenatal clinic at Rukunyu Health Center IV, Kamwenge District were interviewed by answering questionnaires to explore factors that influence the uptake of cervical cancer screening services. Significant associations between the factors and uptake of cervical cancer screening were determined using P-Values. Results: The study established that majority (72%) of the respondents had not undergone cervical cancer screening, most (78%) of whom were between the age group of 25-33 years. The study further established that the was significant association between level of education, inadequate knowledge about cervical cancer, individual‘s awareness about cervical cancer screening services at the health center and the distances from the health center. Conclusion: the study established that there were significant associations between education level, inadequate knowledge about cervical cancer, awareness of the presence of the screening service, and distance from the hospital with uptake of cervical cancer screening services.

The main purpose of this project was to design a social media platform for marketing library services at Our Lady of Africa SS.The objectives of the study were to; establish the services at our Lady of Africa Library, find out the current marketing tools used at Our Lady of Africa SS library, establish the challenges faced in marketing Our Lady of Africa SS Library and design a social media platform for marketing library services at Our Lady of Africa SS. The sample size composed of 70 respondents, 65 students and 5 library staff;data triangulation was used in order to use a variety of data sources and multiple methods when collecting data based on the interview, questionnaires, observation and document review methods. Data was analyzed using the different data process that enabled the researcher to eliminate any erroneous data. Findings indicate that the services provided by Our Lady of Africa SSS Library include Current Awareness Services, orientation services, user education, and security to the library among others. The current marketing tools used by the library are the use of notice boards to notify the users and use of mouth to mouth to make the users able to know the different library materials available Some of the challenges faced in marketing include; long queues, librarian too busy, delayed feedback. The project designed a social media platform for marketing the library. It was concluded that this social media platform is better than the current marketing strategy utilized by the library and will improveon service delivery at Our Lady of Africa SS Library. The research recommends that the management of Our Lady of Africa SS should adopt the proposed social media platform because it does not require a lot of money to operate and the library staff should be trained on how to use the platform to be able to meet the needs of the users.In addition, training should be conducted for the library staff about the entire set up of the platform so that they can fully utilize it for marketing the library services.

In several African settings, ITNs reduced the death of children less than 5 years by about 20% (WHO, 2014). In Sub Saharan Africa (SSA), more than one malaria case occurred per 1000 which accounted for 90% of global death and ITN use was less than 35% by 2014 in the region. This indicates poor rate of ITNs use. The main aim of the study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practices towards utilization of insecticide treated mosquito nets in prevention of malaria among the residents of Namuwongo Zones A and B. The study employed a descriptive cross sectional study using quantitative method of data collection. A total of 276 respondents were randomly selected and data was collected using interview guided questionnaires. The study found relatively good knowledge about ITNs use where; majority 259(94%) of the respondents had ever heard of ITNs, and 243(88%) knew they were used to prevent malaria. A slack awareness was evident where 179(65%) thought that shops and markets were the best places to get ITNs while 193(70%) wrongly thought that ITNs were not retreatable. Attitudes were generally negative, because majority believed that; 171(62%) it was not important to sleep under an ITN every day, 160(58%) mosquitoes could still bite through ITNs, 152(55%) ITNs could make it difficult for them to get up during the night, 171(62%) it took much time to tuck the net each night, 166(60%) ITNs could lead to suffocation, 201(73%) ITNs had bad odour and 178(64%) drugs used to retreat ITNs were unsafe. Practices were poor since; 152(85%) did not always check for holes in their ITNs, 120(67%) displayed ITNs at time of convenience, 110(61%) did not have ITNs on all beds, 168(94%) never retreated their ITNs and 118(66%) had untidy ITNs, 129(72%) households had no ITN hangs, 132(74%) had unfavourable sleeping arrangements to enable good display of ITNs, 104(58%) had ITNs with holes, in 107(60%) households, ITNs were not folded and 113(63%) of the respondents could not make a good illustration of ITN display. In conclusion, respondents had fairly good knowledge about ITNs use, but with negative attitude which could have led to the poor practice. The researcher therefore suggests that; government should reinforce education to the public on the importance of ITN use in prevention of malaria so as to change the attitude which will in turn improve on practice.

Introduction Immunization is the cornerstone of healthcare policy and the most effective tool for the control and prevention of life-threatening infectious diseases. Objective Assessed the factors that are associated to immunization drop-out among children of two months to five years of age, in Kwanza division, Trans-nzoia district, Kenya . Methodology A cross- sectional study design to collect data on factors associated to immunization drop-out among children of two months to five years of age. A convenient sampling method was adopted to select 288 caretakers into the study. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data and analyzed using SPSS16 version. Results The study revealed that out of 288 caretakers interviewed, 65.6%( n=189) were found they didn’t complete the immunization schedule. Age of the respondent( p =0.000), marital status (p =0.002), level of education (0.000) ,employment status (p =0.000) ,and monthly income( p =0.000), were significant associated with immunization drop-out among respondent Conclusion This study identified factors that are associated with immunization drop- out among children of two months to five years of age in Kwanza, Trans-Nzoia district, Kenya. These include socio-demographic factors, individual or parental related factors and health system related factors. This calls for advanced improved strategies in this district and other districts with similar environmental and social contexts. Recommendations Health care workers should improve educational intervention aimed at immunization completion and this will improve routine vaccination completion. Policy makers should set up immunization sites in remote areas with the intend of providing a greater opportunity for children to access the services by reducing the distance to services.

Background It has been, and is still one of the most deadly infectious diseases in the world. Roughly one third of the world’s population is infected with mycobacteria tuberculosis, having the highest prevalence in Asia and Sub Saharan Africa, (Mapka et al, 2010).As of 2010, Uganda was ranked 16th of the 22 high TB burden countries in the world. (Guwatude et al, 2010). Most of the cases occur in poor areas with high population, poor housing and living conditions, prisons inclusive. Prisons have no reliable information about the true burden of TB prevalence that exists, however national strategies for control of TB infection need a sound knowledge on the magnitude of the disease. Objective To determine the factors associated with prevalence of PTB among inmates in Masaka District prisons. I focused on their socio-demographic, individual and environmental factors. Study design and rationale Analytical cross sectional methods were used employing quantitative data collection tools Study site, Sample size and sampling technique Masaka district prisons (06). Kish Leslie’s method was used and a total of 323 inmates were interviewed. Consecutive random sampling technique was used to recruit inmates in the study. Results Masaka central prison (62.5%), compared to other prisons in a ratio of 2:1 was due to its size. TB prevalence (1.875% - Figure 2) was still a burden among inmates. The ratio of PTB positive clients to those without TB 1:53. Strongly associated factors like single & medium age; 20-39 years (58% - table 1), Men (82% - table 1) as compared to women, No BCG vaccination at birth (15% - table 3) increased the risk to rapid disease progression, Length of incarceration (2-5) years or more was strongly associated with high risk of TB infection. History of smoking tobacco and Alcohol consumption lowers body immunity thus enhancing incidences among inmates. High congestion within the prisons reported by respondents increased the rate of transmission of infection, especially to those inmates who were living in contact with TB clients. Conclusion The findings in the above research showed that prisons still have a burden of TB disease and unless strategies to sort this out are designed, many inmates are doomed to even more infections. The factors associated with this included socio – demographic, individual and environmental which were found to greatly enhance TB prevalence among inmates

Introduction: Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) was adopted by the Ministry of Health Uganda as one of the strategy for improving child survival and to reduce child morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to assess the health workers’ knowledge and practices in the implementation of IMNCI strategy to address Childhood Illnesses in Busolwe hospital, Butaleja district. Study design: The study adopted a descriptive cross sectional design that employed quantitative methods of data collection. The study consisted of 59 respondents which comprised of health workers who are directly involved in the implementation of the IMNCI strategy. The sampling procedures used to select these respondents were simple random and purposive. For the purpose of receiving further information, documentary review of MoH documents and the under-fives registers from daily used registers with the availability of all information treatment inclusive. Results: The study came up with various findings; health workers are found to have poor knowledge of IMNCI strategy and commented it is a better approach in managing common childhood illnesses if they are trained. The study also observed that there is malpractice in assessment of IMNCI indicators attributed to lack of knowledge. However, the bottlenecks observed are: lack of training and weak supportive supervision, poor adherence of the standard treatment guideline and misuse/overuse of antibiotics. Also the study outlines lack of pre-referral treatment for urgent referral, shortage of the essential drugs, poor counseling and advice to the caregivers and lack of sound referral system. Conclusion and recommendation: The study recommends that the district health team needs to support health workers to be more conversant with the IMNCI approach. Also there should be a well-organized mechanism to ensure training coverage is increased, augmented with supportive supervision and sufficient distribution of all essential requirements.

Introduction The study was aimed at assessing quality of post rape care services given to women survivors of sexual violence in North Kivu province, Democratic republic of Congo. Due to insecurity resulting from a long civil conflict, sexual violence in this area increased to unprecedented rates. Many women 5 to 35 years have experienced sexual violence in north Kivu. The study sought to explore quality of existing services for survivors of sexual violence. The specific objectives of the study were; to assess the individual characteristics of clients that influenced quality of service received; to assess the sociology economic factors that influence quality of services offered to women survivors; to assess health system factors that influence quality and suggest possible measures to improve quality of services Methods the study was a cross sectional and descriptive in nature drawing from both quantitative and qualitative approaches of research. A sample size of 162 women survivors of sexual violence was determined using a formula recommended by Kish and leslie. However the samples were selected conveniently and purposefully based on whoever had knowledge about sexual violence post rape care services. Women survivors 125 and 6 key informants service providers were given questionnaires and interviews respectively. Results finding show that all three factors individual characteristics, sociology economic factors, and health system factors partly influenced quality of services. However none on its own was significantly associated with quality of services. This implies a complex interplay of three factors influenced quality of post rape care services. Conclusion Respondents suggested improving education levels, political will of government to strengthen medical services for sexual violence victims and work towards eliminating conflicts in the region. Mobile health clinics and increased awareness by medical workers are some of the remedies suggested to improve quality of post rape care services.

Back ground: TB latency has created a serious hindrance to Global TB control. The Tuberculin skin test (TST) can be used to detect Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and appropriately inform TB control programs. The main objective of this study was to at assess the Tuberculin skin test (TST) positivity rate among all IHSU students. Methods: A cross sectional research study design was used to assess the positivity rate of tuberculin skin among students at International Health Sciences University (IHSU) in August 2018. 0.1ml of Purified protein derivative (PPD) was intradermally introduced on long axis of the fore arm. An induration of ≥5 mm diameter was taken to be positive. Univariate and multivariate method were used to assess the risk factors associated with LTBI. Results: A total of 205 participants were sampled for TST test. The TST positivity rate was years (Z= 2.96, P=0.023) courses of Laboratory (Z= 3.12, P=0.002) and Nursing (Z= 2.21, P=0.027) long time of clinical placement for more than four months (Z= 3.81, P=<0.001) and smoking (Z= 3.97, P=<0.001). Conclusion and recommendations: Tuberculin skin test positivity rate among IHSU students was lower than the studies around Kampala and male students were more affected than girls. The risky factors were associated with a positive LTBI were age, course, duration of placement and smoking. This suggests that health care providers should put on protective equipment like N95 masks, work under Biosafety cabinets and carry out routine screening test for LTBI. Those found positive be advised to do further tests like Zeihl Neelsen, Chest X-ray and culture and sensitivity

A study was carried out at Nagongera Health Center IV, Tororo district to determine the factors influencing the completion of immunization schedule among children under 2 years of age. A cross sectional and descriptive design was employed and 100 respondents were selected to the study using a none probability, consecutive enrollment method. Data was collected using researcher administered questionnaires. The study found out that the completion rate for immunization was only 40%. There were various caretaker related factors influencing the completion of immunization schedule of children under 2 years of age. For instance, all respondents 100 (100%) had at least a fear concerning the vaccines given to their children. These fears included 30 (30%) who stated vaccines being expired, 27 (27%) feared that the vaccines could make their children lame, 20 (20%) feared that vaccines had many side effects, 13 (13%) said the vaccines would make the children barren while 10 (10%) said that vaccines can kill their children. Furthermore, 40 (63.6%) said the funds for transport were sometimes readily available, 60 (60%) did not know the vaccination schedule of their children under 2 years, respondents 67 (67%) had bad attitudes towards childhood immunization. Respondents also faced various health system factors influencing the completion of immunization schedule of children under 2 years of age and most 83 (83%) did not have good access to various health facilities offering immunization services and 83 (83%) did not have adequate coverage of immunization services in their community which was not surprising that most 60 (60%) did not have all their children immunized. The study concluded that mothers of children less than 2 years faced various caretaker related and health system as well as a few health worker factors which influenced the completion of immunization schedule of children under 2 year. The key recommendations included improved health education, provision and availability of health services through bringing the services closer to the mothers.

Background; Pregnant mothers who initiate antenatal care late miss out on the chance of early diagnosis, treatment, prophylaxis and prevention of complications, health education on nutrition and danger signs to watch out during pregnancy. Many pregnant women initiate antennal care late above 20 weeks of gestation however; the health facility and individual factors influencing late antenatal care late were not documented. Therefore, this study was intended to find out the socio economic, individual and health facility factors influencing late antenatal care seeking behavior at Kawolo General Hospital. Method; Descriptive cross sectional study was done on all pregnant women attending antenatal care during the study irrespective of their gestational age and whether it is their first visit or not using questionnaires. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS and results presented in tables. Results; The study included 100 participants who were interviewed in August 2015 at Kawolo General Hospital. Of these 98% had mean age of 27 years, 80% were married and 50% had attained secondary education. The pregnant mothers were mostly jobless (52%) and of their spouses were mostly business men (34%). Among them, 45% of these mothers made their first visit at < 20 weeks gestational age and 45% had knowledge on the recommended number of ANC visits, (62%) said that < 20 weeks of gestational age was the appropriate time to initiate ANC visit. Mothers mostly accessed the hospital using a taxi (40%), (46%) agreed that the transport fee was affordable, (87%) agreed that they do not pay for antenatal care services and (9%) said the payment for the services was not affordable. (68% agreed that they were satisfied with antenatal care services provided at the hospital Conclusion and recommendations; This study showed that most pregnant women still did not know the benefits of early initiation and frequent visits during antenatal care therefore there is still more need to educate all women about the importance early initiation and frequent visits for antenatal care services. This can be achieved through going to communities, schools, churches and mosques and use of Village Health Teams (VHT’s). Reinforcement of male partner involvement during ANC visits. Positive working environment should be create for the health, recruiting more health staff to reduce turnaround time and long waiting hours by pregnant mothers and creating more incentives like providing a drink to the mothers, putting television with interesting programs at the waiting area, giving maternity dresses to those who initiate early and creating resting areas where by they can lie down to rest while waiting and freely interacting with one another.