Pain and inflammation are the commonest manifestations of various pathologies, and are associated with high morbidities, debility, and economic strife globally, especially in underdeveloped regions of sub-Saharan Africa. The currently available conventional analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs cause serious side effects, some of which are life threatening, are unaffordable, and unavailable to all patients, especially in low-income countries, hence the need for better alternatives. In the current study, the in vivo anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of the Phytexponent preparation comprising the ethanolic extracts of Viola tricolor, Echinacea purpurea, Allium sativum, Matricaria chamomilla, and Triticum repens were investigated. The carrageenaninduced paw oedema technique was adopted to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the Phytexponent in experimental mice, at doses of 15.625 mg/Kg BW, 31.25 mg/Kg BW, 62.5 mg/Kg BW, 125 mg/Kg BW, 250 mg/Kg BW and 500 mg/Kg BW, with Indomethacin (10 mg/Kg BW) as positive control drug. The paw sizes of respective animals were measured using a plethysmographic technique, and the values used to calculate the percentage reduction in oedematous paw size, as an indicator of anti-inflammatory activity of the Phytexponent. The acetic acid-induced writhing technique was used to determine the analgesic activity of the Phytexponent in experimental Swiss albino mice at similar doses as those used for anti-inflammatory assay and indomethacin (4 mg/Kg BW) as the reference drug. Then, the number of wriths were recorded and expressed as the percentage inhibition of writhing. The standard 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay technique was used to investigate the in vitro cytotoxic effects of the Phytexponent in Vero E6 cell line with cyclophosphamide as a positive cytotoxic agent. The percentage inhibitions of cell proliferation (percentage cytotoxicity) were determined according to a standard procedure. The study findings revealed that the Phytexponent preparation exerted significant anti-inflammatory effects in carrageenan-induced paw oedema mouse model, which ranged from 1.117±0.193% at the first hour to 11.162±0.091% at the fourth hour, at a dose of 31.25 mg/Kg BW, 6.240±0.242 % at the first hour to 17.407±0.186% at the fourth hour at a dose of 62.60 mg/Kg BW, 9.645±0.020% at the first hour to 31.795±0.090% at the fourth hourat a dose of 125 ,g/Kg BW, and 14.000±0.102% at the first hour to 37.931±0.133% in the fourth hour, at a dose of 250 mg/Kg BW (p<0.05). Notably, the Phytexponent significantly inhibited inflammation in a doseand time-dependent manner (p<0.05). The Phytexponent preparation exhibited significant analgesic activity (p<0.05) in experimental mice as depicted by reduced writhing frequencies (high percentage inhibitions of acetic acid-induced writhing), which increased from 55.054±0.174% at a dose of 31.25 mg/Kg BW to 94.982±0.098% at a dose of 250 mg/Kg BW, in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). The Phytexponent exhibited significantly higher analgesic activity at doses of 125 mg/Kg BW (75.924±0.253%) and 250 mg/Kg BW (94.982±0.098%) than indomethacin (64.786±0.098%), indicating higher analgesic efficacy. The Phytexponent preparation was not cytotoxic to Vero E6 cells as indicated by high CC50 value (>1000 µg/ml) compared to cyclophosphamide (CC50= 2.48µg/ml). The present study indicated that the Phytexponent formulation has significant in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in mice models and is not cytotoxic to Vero E6 cell line. Therefore, based on the study findings, the Phytexponent formulation is a potential source of safe analgesic and anti-inflammatory associated phytocompounds. Further empirical studies, determination of mode(s) of anti-inflammatory and analgesic efficacy, and safety of the Phytexponent and its bioactive phytochemicals should be undertaken.

African Trypanosomosis is a major neglected tropical disease of animals and humans in low resource settings in Africa. The disease is cyclically transmitted by Glossina (tsetse flies) spp. and mechanically by biting flies such as Tabanus spp. and Stomoxys spp. and has enormous negative effects on the health and life of both humans and animals. The socio-economic and health impact of the disease is often felt at the edge of protected, tsetse-infested wildlife areas. In Rwanda, tsetse flies and trypanosomosis are reported in areas around the Akagera National Park but the situation has previously not been well documented. This study aimed at determining (i) the distribution of species of Glossina (ii) the Trypanosoma species circulating in tsetse flies, their infection rate, and the endosymbionts, (iii) the hosts’ preference for the tsetse flies, and (iv) the Trypanosoma species circulating in cattle, at the wildlife-livestock interface of Akagera National Park in Rwanda. To determine the distribution of Glossina, a longitudinal stratified sampling entomological survey was carried out inside the park and its surroundings. Biconical traps were deployed in 55 sites for six consecutive days of each study month from May 2018 to June 2019 and emptied every 48hours. Flies caught in the traps were identified using FAO keys for entomological taxonomy. The number of flies per trap per day (FTD) was used to determine the apparent density (AD) of the flies. Pearson chi-square (χ2) and parametrical tests (t-test and ANOVA) were used to determine the variability between the variables. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between predictors of tsetse flies occurrence. A selected sample of 1101 tsetse flies, recovered from the traps, was analysed for trypanosome species and endosymbionts using PCR, and 2-gene High Resolution Melting analysis for blood meal source. A total of 1037 blood samples collected between March and July 2019 from randomly selected cattle (local and local x Friesian breeds) in four districts neighboring the National Park, and were examined for species of Trypanosoma. Four districts viz. Kayonza, Gatsibo, Nyagatare and Kirehe were selected for their proximity to the park and for being adjacent to protected game reserves in Tanzania. The presence of trypanosomes in the blood samples was determined by microscopy, immunological rapid test, and PCR coupled with High-Resolution Melt (HRM) analysis. Sanger sequencing was done on the amplicons to complement the analysis. The Cohen Kappa test was used to compare the level of agreement between the diagnostic methods. Thirty-nine thousands and five hundreds sixteen (39,516) tsetse flies were collected using the traps, of which 73.4% (29,019) and 26.6% (10,497) were from inside the park and the interface area, respectively. Female flies accounted for 61.3% (24,223) while 38.7% (15,293) were males. Two species of Glossina, i.e. G. pallidipes [n=29,121, 7.4 flies/trap/day (FTD)] and G. morsitans centralis (n=10,395; 2.6 FTD) were identified. The statistical difference was significant between the two species (p=0.000). The flies were more abundant during the wet season (15.8 FTD) than the dry season (4.2 FTD) [p=0.000]. Large numbers of flies were trapped around the swamp areas (69.1 FTD) inside the park and in Nyagatare District (11.2 FTD) at the interface [p=0.000]. One thousand and one hundred and one (1101) tsetse flies (771 Glossina pallidipes and 330 Glossina morsitans centralis) were analysed for trypanosome infections. The overall infection rate was 13.9% (153/1101) in the head and proboscis (HP) and 24.3% (268/1101) in thorax and abdomen (TA) of the flies. Eight species of trypanosomes were identified. For each species, head +proboscis and thorax+ abdomen were analyzed in parallel and are presented as HP/TA. Of these species, Trypanosoma (T.) brucei brucei accounted for 4.1/7.1%, T.congolense Kilifi (2.2/2.1%), T.congolense savannah (1.6/1.2%), T. evansi (0/0.9%), T.godefreyi (1.2/3.1%), T. grayi (0/1.08%), T.simiae (2.08/3.7%), T.theileri (0/2.08%) and T.vivax (5.2/3.7%). Mixed infections were 2.2/0.8% (25/9). No T.brucei rhodesiense was found in tsetse flies analyzed. The endosymbionts found in tsetse flies were the bacteria Sodalis (2.8%; 31/1101) and Wolbachia (4.8%; 53/1101). No Spiroplasma and SGH Virus were found in all samples analyzed. The preferred hosts for blood meal by the tsetse flies were buffalo (36.5%), warthog (14.1%), cattle (10.6%), savannah elephant (8.7%), bushbuck (7.3%), and human (5.7%). The overall prevalence of trypanosome infections in cattle was 5.6%, 7.1%, and 18.7% by thin blood smear, Buffy coat technique, and PCR/HRM, respectively. Microscopy showed a low sensitivity (28.9%) while the rapid test (VerY Diag) showed a low specificity (32.5%). Trypanosomes were detected in cattle blood, including species that are pathogenic to cattle (i.e. T. brucei brucei, T. congolense savannah, T. evansi and T. vivax) and T. theileri which is nonpathogenic. T. congolense was the most prevalent (10.7%), followed by T. vivax 5.2%, T. brucei brucei 2%, and T. evansi 0.7% by PCR/HRM analysis. Lower trypanosome infections were observed in Ankole Friesian cross-breeds than indigenous Ankole. No human-infective T. brucei rhodesiense was detected. There was no significant difference between the mean PCV of infected and non-infected animals (p>0.162). The study results on tsetse distribution, endosymbionts, hosts preference, and trypanosomes infections, corroborate other similar regional findings. Glossina pallidipes were found in higher numbers and therefore conceivably the most important vectors of trypanosomes. This study confirms that the cattle reared around the Akagera NP are infected by Trypanosoma species causing African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT), and the area should, therefore, be targeted in control activities. Future studies should focus on the AAT impact assessment on cattle production and information on the use of trypanocides to help policymakers prioritize target areas and optimize intervention strategies.

JavaScript Tips JavaScript is one of the most popular scripting or programming language. In 1995, Brendan Eich from Netscape designed and implemented a new language for the Netscape Navigator browser. It was initially named Mocha, then LiveScript, and finally JavaScript. JavaScript is everywhere. • More than 94% of websites use JavaScript. • JavaScript completes its ninth year in a row as the most commonly used programming language. (2021 StackOverflow developer survey) I have used the following two images in some code snippets with different meanings in different examples.

Abstract

Tacit knowledge (TK) transferred among employees drives organizations’ effectiveness. However, it is not clear how use of TK transfer techniques affects the performance of agricultural researchers, and how social and organizational factors affect TK transfer among themselves. This study assessed the effect of use of TK transfer techniques on performance of Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) researchers and how the social and organizational factors affect TK transfer among them. This study used a descriptive survey research design, cluster sampling, a semi-structured questionnaire to collect data from 191 researchers in KALRO research centers, and SPSS Version 20 to analyze the data using the Likert scale and Chi-square test. Collaborative research, workshops and seminars were the most used and adequate techniques for transferring TK and enhancing performance among KALRO researchers. Cognitive Self-Motivation (93.2%) was the most useful and performance enhancing type of TK. Management of agricultural research projects (90.1%) was the performance indicator that researchers were most enabled to meet by TK. The social factors that supported TK transfer most among researchers were Mutual Trust (83.2%) and Length of Service (77.5%) while organizational factors were ICT (80.6%) and space (75.9%). There was a significant association between TK and researcher’s performance; Cognitive Self-Motivation TK (x 2=62.66), Collective TK (x 2=53.78), Global TK (x 2=48.70), Local TK (x 2=79.307) and Relational TK (x 2=46.77) all with a p-value of (p=0.000). There was a significant association between social at (x2 =21.12) with a p-value of (p=0.05) and organizational factors at (x2=27.58) with a p-value of (p=0.001), and researchers’ performance. In conclusion, TK transfer enhances agricultural researchers’ performance and most social and organizational factors support it. KALRO needs to enhance further the social and organizational factors that support TK transfer among its researchers, and encourage more use of the most employed TK transfer techniques in enabling the management of research projects and the writing of research fund winning proposals through workshops, seminars and knowledge management policy.

At DIY-Computer-Repair you can build a custom pc! All you need is the technical assistance and some how to's... at DIY-Computer-Repair! Want to find out how to custom build pc? Read on! We’ll help you learn about computer repair and how you can do the repair yourself. With the information provided you will be able to repair your pc, build a pc from scratch, optimize your system to make it run faster, or hide your pc from hackers! How to build a pc from scratch even if the most technical thing you've ever done is change a light bulb! Note: This page and some others will have links back to my web site, the information for those pages may be updated, so check them occasionally. Some of the information and technical assistance you will find at www.diy-computerrepair.com. Answers to these questions are here, heck there is so much here I can't list it on this page but here are a few things at diy-computer-repair to help you:

An effective records retention and disposition program is essential to successful records management, which is an integral part of information resources management. Ministry’s like any other organizations and government agencies, need to retain records beyond current use needs, according to regulatory, legal, financial and operational requirements. A records retention and disposal schedule also known as a records disposal schedule is a systematic listing or description of an organizations records which indicates the arrangements to be made for their custody, retention and final disposition. Good records management practices and the provision of retention and disposition schedules in an organization is very important and the ability of government departments to sustain effective service delivery, accountability and good governance is largely determined by their records management practices. The main aim of the project was to review the existing retention and disposition schedule, find out its defects in order to design and implement an effective records retention and disposition schedule for the registry at the ministry of local government. To achieve the above aim, the study was guided by the project objectives which included; to identify the various types of records at the ministry of local government, to examine the effectiveness of the retention and disposition schedule at the ministry of local government and to design and implement an effective retention and disposition schedule for the registry at the ministry of local government. The project involved processes of gathering data through interaction with records management staff at the ministry. Information was gathered using tools such as the interview guide and observation guide. The data collected was very comprehensive and thus led to the design of a proper retention and disposition schedule

The aims of this new edition remain the same as the first edition (see Preface to the First Edition, below). In this edition, new cases, Codes of Conduct, alterations to legislation, both in the UK and Australia, new directives and extracts from recent articles, have been added to the Appendices while the text has been amended to reflect these changes. Chapter 1. The effect of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA) impacts on several chapters. In Chapter 1 the Financial Compensation Scheme has taken over the role of the Policyholders Protection Board and the text and Appendices reflect this. Certain additions to reflect the continued importance of European Directives are made. Facts and figures have been updated. Chapter 2. Lambert (1999) and Deepack (1999) have been added to the text and changes to the Australian Insurance Contracts Act 1984 have been made in the Appendices. Chapter 3. Changes at Lloyd’s are noted in the text and also the jurisdiction of the FSMA over unauthorised insurers. Chapter 4. The House of Lords’ interpretation of s 17 of the Marine Insurance Act in The Star Sea (2001) is discussed in the text and extracted in the Appendices. Also referred to in the text are Merc-Skandia (2001); Sirius International (1999); HIH Casualty (2001). Several new articles are referred to in the text and extracts from two articles are added to the Appendices. Chapter 5. The following cases are worked into the text: Printpak (1999); Kler (2000); Virk (2000); Alfred McAlpine (2000); Jacobs (2000); Kazakstan (2000); and HIH v Axa Corporate (2001) which has also been added to the Appendices. Chapter 6. Reference is made to the newly created General Insurance Standards Council and its two Codes which are added to the Appendices. The following cases have been added to the text: O and R Jewellers (1999); Bollom (1999) and added to the Appendices together with the House of Lords decision in Aneco (2002). Changes in Lloyd’s supervisory regime are noted. The recent draft Directive on Insurance Mediation (intermediaries) is outlined in the text. Changes to the Australian Insurance (Agents and Brokers) Act 1984 are included.

What is SQL? Structured Query Language is a computer language that we use to interact with a relational database.SQL is a tool for organizing, managing, and retrieving archived data from a computer database. The original name was given by IBM as Structured English Query Language, abbreviated by the acronym SEQUEL. When data needs to be retrieved from a database, SQL is used to make the request. The DBMS processes the SQL query retrieves the requested data and returns it to us. Rather, SQL statements describe how a collection of data should be organized or what data should be extracted or added to the database. In common usage, SQL encompasses DDL and DML commands for create, updates, modified or other operations on database structure.

Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry is the outcome of numerous efforts of authors to assimilate the voluminous knowledge of traditional and modern pharmacognosy, which has long been a requirement of the curricula of various universities across the world. In times of yore, pharmacognosy was considered as the study of drugs of natural origin. The American Society of Pharmacognosy derived it as the study of physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drug, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources. The world of pharmacognosy has continuously been enriching with multifaceted information considering various aspects of the natural drugs including history, alternative medicinal systems, classification, morphology, identification, cultivation, collection, production and utilization of drugs; trade and utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants and their contribution to national economy; adulteration of drugs of natural origin; evaluation of drugs by their physical, chemical and organoleptic properties; biological screening of herbal drugs; biosynthetic pathways of various phytopharmaceuticals; pharmacognostical study of crude drugs; extraction, isolation and purification of herbal drugs and modern plant biotechnology. Such an enormous information about the natural drug gives rise to a subject that is now recognized as modern pharmacognosy. It is a highly interdisciplinary science, encompassing a broad range of studies involving phytochemical study of medicinal plants and biologically active principles obtained from plants in addition to the traditional pharmacognostical aspects of natural drugs. Considering all this comprehensive information of the subject, a textbook is premeditated to contribute substantially to the world of pharmacognosist. This modern book of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry emphasizes the biodiversity of plants and encompasses biosynthesis, extraction, isolation of compounds with TLC identification, bioactivity determination and synthesis of plant components of interest in addition to the traditional pharmacognosy comprising cultivation, collection, morphology, microscopy, taxonomy, chemical constituents and uses of drugs of natural origin. A special feature of the book is an additional advantage, that of inclusion of marketed products of the drugs described. The book is designed to have 35 chapters divided into 10 parts (A to J). Each chapter is written with the aim to give a reasonable background to academician and researchers in the respective topic. A special miscellaneous chapter has been devoted to provide information about ayurvedic, marine medicinal plants, neutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals as well as herbs that have proved to be pesticides or allergens or producing colours, dyes and hallucinogenic effects. The objective of the authors is fully achieved by systemic assemblage of the well-written chapters with neat and clean well-labelled diagrams wherever necessary. The authors convey the deep sense of gratitude to their grandparents, parents, spouses and children for motivating them to provide a kind of book badly required collectively for undergraduate, postgraduate and researchers at one place. This is an added advantage the book will give to the readers of any walk of life. Doubtless, authors are indebted to all who have supported in giving this present shape to the book. Last but not the least, authors are immensely thankful to our publisher for their support, guidance and cooperation to publish this book. Suggestions and criticisms will always be solicited by the authors to further improve the quality of the book in real sense.