Garbage management is one of the challenges experienced by most cities and towns today and this is due to poor management of garbage collection. Environmental sanitation is very important for heathy communities and living. In most of our societies waste bins are kept without proper monitoring until they are filled to the extent of overflowing and spilling out to the surrounding. This poor management leads to spread of garbage in communities which in turn leads to unhealthy conditions in the community, stimulation of diseases and degrades beauty of the area. For smart cities, waste bins need to be monitored and controlled to ensure healthy and clean communities and with the present technological advancement, real time control and monitoring of waste disposal is a challenging area that greatly needs intervention. The traditional approach of monitoring waste in waste bins placed in cities and towns is very tedious and an inefficient way that is time consuming, requires too much human effort and cost which contradicts smart city requirements. To improve on garbage management and cleanliness of the society, this project presents the design and development of an IOT automatic garbage monitoring system with Arduino microcontroller working with the ultrasonic sensors that detect the level of waste in the garbage and constantly at regular intervals displays the weight and level status on an OLED screen, as well as send the content information to a web page that displays the garbage level and weight. A message alert would also be sent as a notification in case threshold values of both weight and level were exceeded plus a buzzer that notifies people not to add in garbage. This was achieved using Arduino Nano microcontroller, a WI-FI module, GSM module, weight sensor and ultrasonic sensors. The prototype was designed and simulated using Proteus 8.0 professional simulation software and thereafter developed on a printed circuit board. Experimental results demonstrated a promising solution to garbage monitoring since a couple of testing runs were carried out to evaluate the prototype workability in real situations. The measured parameters (level and weight) from the garbage bins were transmitted to the web page; this web page performs visualization of the bin status showing the level and weight of the garbage in real time for viewing. The designed and developed prototype is therefore an innovation that will help improve on garbage monitoring and control thereby promoting smart, clean and well managed cities.

This research article investigates the various Ateso folktales (narratives) and the aspect of symbolism embedded in them.It discusses the Teso narratives and the symbols used in them to bring out the traits of characters in the Folktales and the major ideas or themes in them.Some other stylistic devices that have been used in this Folktales are also indentified. A major purpose for this study is due to limited research and appreciation of the literariness of folktales in Teso communities. Teso is being consumed by the Western culture and have forgotten the benefit ofthese tales to us and by carrying it as it, I hope someone finds it and appreciates the various benefits and beauty of these tales. This study uses quantitative analysis techniques. The studyobserves performance and then recorded them, had focus groups, interviews and others, hence collection of folktales. The study collects about 8 Ateso folktales and analyses each of these tales on a literary basis of the plot, theme, character and stylistic devices used.

The overall objective of this study was to determine the potential of varying concentrations of tick berry extracts as a bio-pesticide and bio-herbicide against biotic stresses in red creole onion variety in Kuluba subcounty, Koboko district. A completely randomized block experimental design was set up with three treatments (25gl-1, 50gl-1 and 75gl-1) and a control. Data was collected for a period of four weeks for two seasons from ten plants per plot. Data was collected on onion pests, onion diseases and weed occurrence after application of tick berry extracts. Initial vegetation analysis was done on the experimental field before application of bio-herbicide to assess the diversity of the weed species in the area. Generally, application of the extracts of tick berry non-significantly (P˃0.05) reduced the incidence of onion pests, the severity of onion diseases and the occurrence of weeds. The concentration of 75gl-1 was found to reduce the incidence of onion thrips, onion maggots, allium leaf miners and turnip moths. The concentration of 75gl-1 lowered the severity of purple blotch disease, Irish yellow spot virus, downy mildew and botrytis leaf blight. Furthermore, the concentration of 75gl-1 reduced the weed infestation percentage and had the highest weed control efficiency. The use of tick berry extracts (75gl-1) is highly recommended as a biopesticide to help reduce the incidence and severity of onion pests and diseases. The use of tick berry extracts (75gl-1) are highly recommended for use as a bio-herbicide due to their proven ability to reduce the occurrence of weeds. More research should be conducted on the use of allelopathic plant extracts in the control of weeds inorder to reduce on the negative impacts to both the humans and the environment as a result of use of synthetic chemicals.

This study assessed the influence of promotional methods on the adoption of improved rice varieties in Wadelai Subcounty, Pakwach district. It specifically aimed to assess the knowledge gap of farmers on improved rice variety production, to evaluate the influence of promotional methods on the adoption of improved rice varieties and to examine the agronomic practices employed by the farmers for improved rice varieties. A sample size of 94 respondents including rice farmers and key informants was used. Data was collected with the aid of questionnaires and interviews. Data was analysed using SPSS version 23 statistical tool. The study established that rice production in Wadelai subcounty was largely caried out by females, married, relatively large households, less educated farmers who engaged in farming and fishing with less experience (<5 years). SUPER (64.8%), NAMUCE (42.9%) and NERICA (48.4%) were improved rice varieties cultivated while Sidani (14.3%) was the least produced local variety. Production was relative at an average of 4.2 acres with farmers producing more than one rice variety at the same time. Specifically, the rice farmers experienced knowledge gaps in soil and water conservation (83.5%), pest management (81.3%), seed bed preparation (76.9%), planting methods 975.8%), management of invasive weed species such as striga (72.5%) and physiological properties of matured rice (60.4%). The study determined that promotional methods including; trainings, demonstrations, farmer filed visits, radio talk shows and price discounts were significantly(p<0.05) associated with complete adoption of improved rice varieties for farmers who adequately participated in them and partial adoption among farmers who had moderate engagement. Agronomic practices; pests and disease management (86.8%), proper tillage (81.3%), timely planting (75.8%), timely weeding (74.7%), harvesting (65.9%) were largely practiced in the production of improved rice varieties however, there was reluctance in using new rice seeds in every planting (47.3%) and fertilisers (15.4%) in production. It can be concluded that adoption of improved rice varieties was high, this was because the promotional methods used were effective in influencing complete and partial adoption. Subsequently farmers followed most of the recommended agronomic practices however, recycling of the improved seeds and non-utilisation of fertilisers in improved rice production was a hinderance for optimum rice performance. Farmers in Wadelai subcounty need to be trained on better agronomic practices in production of improved rice varieties.

Protection of trees and forests within or adjacent to sugarcane monoculture harnesses ecosys-tem services and biodiversity conservation. However, there is limited information on the ef-fect of sugarcane production on land use land cover change, and the nutrition status of chil-dren in the Buikwe district which the present study tried to adresss. ArcGIS software prefera-bly Arcmap 10.2 version was used in satellite imagery geospatial data analysis to assess land use/cover classes of vegetation cover converted to sugarcane monoculture over three decades. Transects were as well established in regenerated areas formally used for sugarcane growing and those that have never been used for sugarcane production. A procedure of nested quad-rats was employed for a systematic sampling of mature trees at 60 m interval(s), whereas, a multi-stage random sampling procedure was employed where a total of 143 households at-tending to the sugar cane fields were selected. Tree diversity analysis was conducted in spe-cies diversity and richness (SDRiv) software. The results showed a significant transformation in the land cover, over three decades (1988-2018), which is attributed to the expansion of sugarcane plantations, Built areas, and, Agriculture. Built-up (8.9%) areas and Agriculture (14.67%) had the highest percentage incensement, then forests (-8.89%) and Bush- land (10.20%) declined the most in acreage. A total of 40 species of trees belonging to 24 families were recorded. The dominant tree species, also with high Importance Value Indices were Brown mahogany,(Lovoa swynnertonii)and Jack fruit, (Artocarpus heterophyllus), among others. Most caretakers for selected children were from households headed by male spouses (65.0%), and a large proportion had attained primary education (65.0%) whereas most were house-wives (56.7%) and casual laborers on sugarcane farms. The mean Z-scores for wasting, stunt-ing, and underweight were -0.71 ± 0.24, -1-0.73 ± 0.24, and --0.73 ± 0.241, respectively.

An experiment was set up in Kapir sub-county, Ngora district to evaluate the effect of Bradyrhizobium Mak-biofixer inoculum on seedling vigor, seed germination and nodulation ability of NAROGRAM 2 variety. A completely randomized block design was set up to evaluate different nodulation attributes including; nodule color, nodule number and nodule position from the second week of seedling emergence till the sixth week of seedling emergence. Two treatments were used for this study (10g of inoculum/1000g of seeds and 12g of inoculum/1000g of seeds) and the control involved the seeds which were not inoculated with the rhizobium. The field experiment had twelve replicates in total. Another experiment in a screen house was set up following a completely randomized design. Two treatments (10g of inoculum/1000g of seeds and 12g of inoculum/1000g of seeds) and the control involved the seeds which were not inoculated with the rhizobium were used. The screen house experiment had twelve replicates/petri-dishes in total. Data on seed germination was collected on 100 seeds for 30 days. Data on seedling vigor (root and shoot length) were collected on ten plants per petri-dish for 3 days, 6 days and 9 days after germination. The treatment of 12g of inoculum/1000g of seeds had a higher seed germinability than a treatment of 10g of inoculum/1000g of seeds. On the 9th day of germination, the treatment of 12g of inoculum/1000g of seeds had the non-significantly (P˃0.05) longer root and shoot length compared to a treatment of 10g of inoculum/1000g of seeds. Application of different treatments of rhizobium inoculation had varying effects on nodulation of NAROGRAM 2. In the 4th week of data collection, the treatment of 12g of inoculum/1000g of seeds had a non-significantly (P˃0.05) higher value of nodule color score, nodule number and nodule position scores relative to the treatment of 10g of inoculum/1000g of seeds. The rhizobium application of 12g of inoculum/1000g of seeds had higher seed germination and seedling vigor therefore, enhances rapid field seedling emergence and establishment which in turn result in higher yields. Application of 12g of inoculum/1000g of seeds had higher nodule color compared to 10g of inoculum/1000g of seeds implying more effective nitrogen fixation. Furthermore, the application of 12g of inoculum/1000g of seeds had higher nodule number and nodule position score implying presence of both lateral and crown nodules which enhances efficient nitrogen fixation.

A survey was conducted to assess the knowledge on the occurrence of PPR in small ruminants, plants used for medicine and health management practices for treatment of PPR in five disticts in Karamoja region. A total of 150 respondents (75 for the sheep interview and 75 for the goat interview) were interviewed in the districts of Nakapiripirit, Amudat, Nabilatuk, Moroto and Napak. Generally, more males were interviewed compared to the females and most of the informants were illiterate. There was a highly significant (P˂0.05) association between the informants who had ever heard about PPR and the informants who were aware about its occurrence in the five districts in Karamoja region. There was a highly significant (P˂0.05) association between the informants whose sheep and goats had ever suffered from PPR and they had used herbal remedies to treat the animals. Most plants which were used as medicine were obtained from the plant families of leguminosae, asteraceae and rutaceae. The herbal remedies were extracted from plant parts including; barks, leaves, roots, fruits and flowers. There were three main modes of preparation of medicine including; drying, grinding and pounding; adding water and boiling; pounding and soaking. The most dominant routes of administration of herbal remedies were the oral and topical routes. There was a highly significant (P˂0.05) association between the sheep and goats which had ever suffered from PPR and the effectiveness of herbal remedies in the treatment of PPR. Most informants used 2 teaspoons of herbal remedies for the young animals (kids and lambs) and 250 mls for the adult animals. Studies should be conducted on the use of herbal remedies using other routes of administration notably; intra-muscular and intravenous routes. Studies should be conducted on the use of other plant parts in the extraction of herbal remedies such as; flowers, fruits and plant latex. Furthermore, the studies on the use of herbal remedies should be conducted on the treatment of other major small ruminant diseases.

The need for better access to information, quick and safe sharing of data and information at NHCC as well as proper storage of records in order to ensure improved service delivery, necessitated the development of an E-filing system for the management of case files. The main aim of the project was to investigate the records filing practices at National Housing and Construction Company Limited in order to identify the gaps and challenges faced and design an e-filing system for best practices. The objectives of the study were; to identify the different types of records created and received; to find out the records filing practices, to identify the challenges associated with the records filing practices, to examine the requirements needed to come up with an electronic filing system that will enable easy management files and to design an e-filing system to improve records filing practices at the National Housing and Construction Company Limited. The study discovered that the types of records managed at NHCC included; Administrative records, Legal Records, Vital records and Human Resource Records. The study discovered that the records filing practices at the NHCC include the following; Receiving and registration of in-coming correspondences, Filing documents and organizing of files where the different methods of filing in in the registry are clearly explained and the filing system used is presented perfectly among others. Study findings on challenges associated with the records filing practices at national housing and construction registry were Lack of Records filing Policy, Inadequate Storage Space and inadequate records filing Equipment and other challenges. A pilot study was conducted to pre-test the validity and reliability of data collection instrument using pre-test check list. We used context and dataflow diagrams to come up with the system design basing on the gathered system requirements. The result was a fully functioning electronic filing system that can be used to electronically file records, capture relevant metadata for these records and provide a storage repository thereby ensuring the availability of these records whenever required. The study recommended that the Records Managers should be provided with adequate training to ensure that they are able to undertake the full responsibilities of the post, The government should allocate both enough money and human resource to run the NHCC registry because if this is done they was able to purchase enough and good quality equipment for use in records filing

Despite facing its own development challenges, Uganda is currently host to over 1,525,197 refugees and asylum seekers (OPM and UNHCR, 2022) refugees, the largest number in the country‘s history, and continues to receive simultaneous arrivals from South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Burundi (UNHCR, 2019). Worldwide, Uganda‘s model for resettling refugees is renowned for its emphasis on self-sufficiency. In refugee health care, there is a tendency for organizations and humanitarian aid projects to focus on physical needs of the individuals: the provision of food, water, shelter, etc. Notwithstanding being fully aware of the traumatic experiences amongst refugees, there are rarely attempts to address the substantial psychosocial disorders within the population. There are many examples where aid relief programs have completely neglected this aspect of refugee‘s wellbeing in terms of their mental health. For example, trainings provided to field health staff do not typically include background regarding psychosocial and mental illness, and in the case that proper mental health service delivery is provided, humanitarian aid workers fail to provide their resources or support. Furthermore, this study examined mental health service delivery and its impact on the wellbeing of refugees, a case study of Kyaka II refugee settlement in Kyegegwa District Structured and unstructured interviews were employed, with select mental health providers where 37 refugees were purposely sampled, 20 counselors conveniently sampled and 20 clinical psychologists randomly sampled with the use of questionnaires and interview guide for major key informants. Most of the respondents agreed that refugees suffer from mental illness and that people with mental illness are taken to be those who cannot think for themselves, and often delay seeking help due to a belief that it is due to supernatural powers, therefore start off treatment by going to traditional healers, while professional mental health services are perceived to be expensive to be accessed. In conclusion therefore, as Uganda continues with its open-door policy to refugees due to its unstable neighborhood, the Government of Uganda through the Office of the Prime Minister and UNHCR, the UN Refugee should incorporate all humanitarian and aid organizations to have a psychosocial component that caters for the psychosocial wellbeing of refugees be it providing water, sanitation and hygiene and food and non-food items.