The purpose of study was to determine the factors influencing adherence to aseptic techniques in the operating rooms among health workers at Kisenyi health centre IV, Kampala district. This was a cross sectional – descriptive study design that employed quantitative and qualitative approaches of data collection. A stratified sampling and convenience sampling methods were used to select 30 study participant. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data. Results of study on health worker related factors were; 18(60%) had a working experience in operating room of 6 – 10 year, 16(53.3%) were aware of principles of aseptic techniques 16(53.3%) did not experience time challenges and 25(83.3%) did not believe that they can achieve maximum asepsis. Health facility related factors were; 24(80%) experienced inadequate equipment, 28(93.3%) experienced challenges with human resource, 26(89.7%) received supervision rarely and 23(76.7%) reported absence of an active infection control committee. The study established that health worker related factors were positively influencing adherence to aseptic techniques in operating room for example awareness of aseptic techniques and working experience unlike the health facility related factors for example inadequate equipment and human resource had a negative influence on adherence to aseptic measures. The study therefore, recommended the responsible authority to ensure adequate staffing, adequate supply of drugs and equipment and water in order to influence maintenance of theatre asepsis.

Uganda’s incidence rate of TB is 200 per 100,000 persons with 60% co – infected with HIV. This double pandemic situation increases the morbidity and mortality rates among HIV patients. The purpose of the study was to identify the factors contributing to spreading of tuberculosis among HIV positive clients at Kawolo general hospital, Buikwe district. The study used a cross section al descriptive design that employed quantitative data collection methods. The study enrolled 40 respondents who were selected using a simple random method. Data was corrected with use of both using an interview guide and checklist. Results were analysed and presented into tables, graphs and figures using Micro soft excel. The study results showed that individual factors were29 (62%) were underweight, 21(52.5%) consumed alcohol sometimes and 25(62.5%) had no history of TB. Among socio – economic factors, 25(62.5%) were unemployed, 19(47.5%) received emotional support and 27(67.5%) had family history of TB. HIV related factors were; 21(52.5%) were diagnosed with HIV for > 10 yet 23(57.5%) had took ART for 5 – 10 years and 26(65%) had viral load of 101,001 – 1,000,000 copies per ml. Conclusively, HIV related and socio – economic factors had a great influence on spreading of TB while individual factor had very minimal influence. Therefore, it is recommended that HIV patients should improve on their general care like adherence to ART and TB – prophylaxis so as to minimize spreading of TB infections.

A face mask is the covering of the mouth, nose to provide a simple barrier to help prevent the respiratory droplets from spreading of COVID 19. 12% people were found to be using face masks effectively. its upon this behavior a study topic was conducted to identify the determinants of use of face masks in prevention of COVID 19 among community members in Migeera town council, Nakasongola district. It was guided by the following objectives; individual factors of use of face masks in prevention of COVID 19 among community members, socio – cultural factors of use of face masks in prevention of COVID 19 among community members and environmental factors of use of face masks in prevention of COVID 19 among community members in Migeera town council, Nakasongola district. The study used a descriptive cross sectional study design that employed both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods was used. Simple random method was used to obtain 48 respondents. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and this was analyzed using Microsoft word and excel programs and presented in form of graphics, tables and narratives. Results of the study showed that; individual determinants included; 19(39.6%) had primary education level, 24(50%) disagreed that masks are effective in controlling the spread of COVID 19 and 34(70.8%) did not suffer from any chronic illness. Environmental determinants were, 44(91.7%) reported presence of policies encouraging use of face masks and 29(87.9%) regarded the laws to not be strict. Social – cultural determinants included; 37(77.1%) never had a relative who suffered from COVID 19, 40(83.3%) reported society acceptance of individuals who do not put on the face mask and 29(60.4%) had 4 to 7 house hold residents. The study established that usage of face mask low mainly because of social – cultural and individual determinants unlike environmental determinants. Therefore, it is recommended that Ministry of health and health workers should continue with the sensitization programs on the correct use of face masks and it is effectiveness; so as to enable even individuals with low education level to recognize the need to use the face masks.

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy refers to the reluctance of the people to acquire the vaccine despite it being deemed safe and effective. This research is aimed to uncover the factors for the covid-19 vaccine hesitancy among the people of mukubira zone, makerere 1, Kawempe division Kampala district. The research method that employed during the data collection was convenience sampling method where respondents were selected basing on their availability, questionnaires were distributed and a sample population of 52 respondents were involved in the study. The study finding included demographic data which showed, that all the participants were 18years of age and above 52(100%), majority of them 32(61.5%) were females, almost half 20(38.5%) were males. The research findings also included the data of the cultural factors for the covid-19 vaccine hesitancy, and it showed that 27(51.9%) of the respondents said their cultures don’t support covid-19 vaccination, 25(48.1%) gave a positive response as their cultures support covid-19 vaccination against covid019 disease. The social economic factors for the covid-19 vaccine hesitancy shows that 31(59.6%) respondents preferred the old people to acquire the vaccine, 15(28.8%) of the respondents preferred the young, whereas 6(11.5%) of the respondents acknowledged that both the young and old aged people to 1receive the vaccine against the covid-19 disease. The recommended factors to improve the covid-19 vaccine uptake included the following: 30(57.7%) of the participants acknowledged that giving the proper information about the covid-19 vaccine whereas 14(26.9%) of the respondents said that sensitizing people on the benefits of the covid-19 vaccine would improve the covid-19 vaccine uptake. It can be concluded that covid-19 vaccine hesitancy had been a major hindering factor to achieving the common most important goal of ensuring all people have been vaccinated and safe guarded from the corona virus. Furthermore many people have developed a negative ideology about the covid-19 vaccine due to the negative propaganda in the media and different source of information. The recommended action point to the government is that, proper education is vital if the vaccination goals are to be made a success.

In Uganda, motorcyclists are the most vulnerable road users contributing 41% of all road traffic injuries. Most motorcycle riders know that they should wear helmets for their safety but are reluctant to use them which increase the occurrence of severe head injuries. The purpose of the study was to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices of commercial motorcyclists towards prevention of head injuries in Kabalagala, Kampala District. The study used a cross sectional descriptive study design that employed both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. A sample size of 48 respondents who were selected using a simple random method was used. Both an interview guide and checklists were used to obtained data from respondents. The study results showed that respondents were knowledgeable about head injuries i.e. 39(82.2%) had an idea about head injuries, 26(54.2%) knew full face helmets as type of helmets and 25(52.1%) knew that a good helmet should be hard. Negative attitudes were identified with 22(45.8%) agreed that helmets should always be worn by beginners, 35(72.9%) felt uncomfortable to wear a helmet, 44(91.7%) agreed that helmets are hot and 38(79.2%) agreed that helmet is heavy. Regarding practices, 25(52.1%) lacked ownership of the helmet, 41(85.4%) did not have passenger helmets and, 27(56.2%) did not constantly used helmets. The study concluded that respondents were knowledge about prevention of head injuries while using the helmet although they had negative attitude and unsatisfactory practices of helmet use. The study therefore recommended that efforts by responsible authority to enforce and sensitize cyclists about helmets in prevention of health injuries should be implemented to address the problem.

The term spinal cord injury refers to the damage of the spinal cord resulting from trauma or degenerative diseases or cancer. The most sever spinal cord injury affects systems that regulates bowel and bladder, breathing and heart rate and blood pressure. The study was determinants of management of spinal cord injury patients. The study was guided by patients, health care workers and health care institution related factors that determine managing of spinal cord injury patients. It was across sectional, descriptive design. The researcher used 30 respondents to collect data and it was analysed using Microsoft excel 2007 and statistical package for social scientists. The findings were presented in tables and figures. It was found out that patients related factors in study were 27(84.4%), were female 17(53.9%) and 14(46.7%), had inadequate knowledge, and 9(30%) reported limited access to rehabilitation services. Health care workers related factors, 14(46.7%), reported highly specialised interdisciplinary approach and 4(13.3%), reported inadequate staffs. Health care institution related factors included 10(33.3%), had limited financial resources, and 9(30%) were lacking physical therapy and rehabilitation services, 7(23.3%), reports inadequate equipment 2(6.7%) had challenge with lack of skilled personnel .It was concluded that health care institution factors have contributed mostly to the managing spinal cord injury patients among health care workers followed by health care factors and then patient related factors. It was recommended that health training institutions should educate health students more on spinal cord injury management and the way how to prevent spinal cord injuries. The health care workers should be sensitised and continuous medical education (CMEs), on managing of spinal cord injury patients and guidelines on this should be put on the ward s to make every health care worker aware of spinal cord injury management. It was recommended to the ministry of health also to ensure timely supply of logistics at the spinal unit .spinal unit ward managers should develop the policies that encompass on how to manage spinal cord injuries.

This thesis uses input-output modeling to measure the economic impact of nonprofit sectors in four counties in Florida. The model is calibrated using data that describes the inter-industry relationships within each local economy, and then simulated using input-output analysis with social accounting matrix extensions. Output multipliers are generated for the Arts, Education, Environment, Health, Human Services, and Other nonprofit sectors using IMPLAN software, which calculates the ripple effects throughout each local economy. The 10-year annual growth rates from 1996 to 2006 for each nonprofit sector are used to create projections that describe what the non-profit landscape will look like in each county in year 2016. Comparisons are made between the current and future non-profit landscape, and some possible drivers of the variable growth rates are discussed. I find that there is a noticeable connection between the size of the local economy and the growth of non-profit sectors within them over time. I also find that the growth and success of the non-profit Health sector is an important indicator for the performance of the overall non-profit sector.

Introduction: Students can learn different disciplines effectively even before being exposed to formal school curriculum if basic key concepts are communicated to them early using activity oriented mostly called the Hands-on method of teaching. Most subject content are practical and activity oriented and can best be learnt through inquiry (Okebukola in Mandor, 2002) and through intelligent manipulation of objects and symbols (Ekwueme, 2007). The new lower curriculum is a hands on apporach that moves together with intergaration of ICT. The new lower secondary curriculum was implememted to produce individuals with critical thinking, creativity and problem solving skills to be able to create jobs rather than being job seekers. Over the past years, the rapid growth of ICT has become one of the most important topics discussed by the scholars in education due to the capability of ICT in providing a dynamic and proactive teaching and learning environment favoring discovery learning and critical thinking as well as equiping learners with computer knowledge. The research aimed at finding out the perception of teacher trainees from Makerere University on the implementation of the new lower secondary school curriculum. In this, the extent to which the teacher trainees employed different teaching and learning methods such small group and open classroom discussions, project work and ICT integration as well as the methods of assessment was assessed. Methods Used: The study involved a total of 120 respondents of which 64 were males and 56 were females distributed in different schools within Rubaga, Kawempe and Central divisions of Kampala and Research data was collected from the respondents through the use of questionniares and oral interviews. Results: It was found out that 21% of the respondents used computers, 31% used cell phones, 26% used internet, 13% used laptops/tablets, and 9% used Audio-visual devices like overhead projectors, loud speakers etc. The study showed that all teacher trainees used cooperative learning and direct instruction in the teaching and learning process, 70.8% used inquiry-based learning, 39.2% used role plays and simulations, 4.2% used portfolios/journals, while 12.5% used exhibitions and displays and no teacher used flipped classroom. The study revealed that all the teacher trainees used the Activities of integration (AOI) and examinations (100%) in their evaluation process. 93.3% of the respondents used class assignments and homework, 50% used tests, 37.5% used instructor observation, 15% used quizzes, 90.8% used oral reports or presentations while 59.2% used performance-based (Authentic) assessment (PBA). Conclusion: After meta-analysis of the research results, it was concluded that the teacher trainees had perceived the implementation of the new curriculum well and were therefore implementing the elements of the new curriculum as required by the ministry of education and sports. The teaching methods used, assessment methods, the format of notes acquisition by learners and project development, revealed that the conception of the implementation process of the new curriculum by the teacher trainees was a success. The study shows that there was a component of consistency in the application of the different aspects of the various paradigms of the new curriculum. Although the perception of the implementation process was a Sucess, there is a deep need to indulge into the implementation process in order to smoothen the ongoing work of the educators, the teachers. Recommendation: We recommend provision of enough ICT materials to schools such as computers, projectors etc since these are very limited in many schools and these can be sources of the students’ research. In-service teacher taining to impart technical skills to the teachers so that they can operate ICT gadgets during teaching and learning with expertize knowledge and experience. Electricity installation in schools that lack electricity and also provide electricity in buildings that lack in some schools and Provision of enough textbooks especially the learners’ guides since the numbers are big. This can enhance small group discussions.

Bone fractures are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Uganda, statistics for the prevalence of bone fractures are unknown, although anecdotal evidence points to a high incidence, mostly arising out of traffic accidents and falls. The situation becomes worse year on year due to a rising life expectancy, and thus an increasing number of the aging population who are more prone to fractures. To reduce the debilitating e↵ects of these fractures and improve quality of life, it is important that the fractures are accurately diagnosed early on. X-ray imaging is the most common imaging modality for fracture diagnosis in Uganda, but its manual interpretation is usually error-prone, potentially leading to missed diagnoses. To address this challenge, this project aimed at developing an automated bone fracture detection system for the efficient diagnosis, utilizing a deep learning approach. Images of fractured bones were obtained from Roboflow and the open-source dataset. We developed a model for localization of the bone fractures, utilizing the YOLOv5 architecture. Our best model achieved a mean average precision of 85.6%. Comparison with alternative approaches such as EfficientDet, and Detectron2 reveals the superior performance of our model. Our model, when integrated into a clinical decision support system, is potentially a promising approach to improve clinical outcomes based on accurate and efficient bone fracture detection from x-ray data.